Psychodynamic Approach

1. Psychodynamic Approach Associated with Sigmund Freud

2. Objectives: • To know the basic principles of the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. • To evaluate the psychodynamic approach as an explanation for abnormality

3. What cause psychopathology (abnormal behaviour)?

4. Thinking Processes Emotional Processes Learned Behaviours Biological Processes Models of Abnormality

5. Faulty thinking & perception Repressed memories & emotions Genetics Structural damage Chemicals Models of Abnormality Behavioural processes Thinking & emotional processes Conscious Unconscious Biological processes We will now focus on the Psychodynamic approach Learning of behaviour

6. Psychodynamic Approach The psychodynamic approach aims to explain behaviour in terms of it’s dynamics – the forces that drives it. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory of personality is the best known of these theories. Freud challenged the medical model – he thought mental disorders were caused by psychological & not physical factors. Freud (1856-1939)

7. Sigmund Freud….associated with • Unconscious Mind • Freudian Slips • Dreams • Psychological defence mechanisms • The structure of personality • Psychosexual development

8. One Key assumption of the psychodynamic approach That a large part of the mind is ‘unconscious’ but it can affect our feelings, thoughts and behaviour

9. Thoughts Perceptions Memories Stored knowledge Fears Unacceptable desires Violent motives Irrational wishes Immoral urges Selfish needs Shameful experiences Traumatic experiences The conscious. The small amount of mental activity we know about. The preconscious. Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried. Bad Worse Really Bad The unconscious. Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of. The Mind According to Freud

10. The ICEBERG model of mind • This diagram is often used to represent Freud’s view of the mind and personality. • Freud claimed our personality develops from interactions between innate drives and early life experiences.

11. Pre-conscious: • Contains thoughts that can become conscious to us. • Thoughts arising from the unconscious that may at a later stage become conscious are stored here.

12. Consciousness: • The Conscious State: Means all the mental processes that we are directly aware of at a given moment. • Thoughts that are suitable for us to be aware of pass from the unconscious to the conscience mind.

13. Unconscious: • This part of the mind is NOT accessible and contains our inner drives and repressed experiences. • All thoughts start here • Biological instincts originate from here including unacceptable sexual thoughts. • It contains the Eros and Thanatos instincts including the Libido which can manifests into the sex drive. • Thoughts that do not go into the pre-conscious must be actively repressed- this is a dynamic process, although we are unaware of it happening.

14. Unconscious: • Has no logic and makes no distinctions between reality and fantasy (carrying out sexual desires). • Unconscious thoughts try to actively get though to or consciousness. • Can use symbols such as in dreams. • Can hold two conflicting thoughts at the same time- eg. Feeling love and hate . • Influences behaviour in logical ways- or so Freud though- eg Freudian slips.

15. Revealing inner thoughts: • Actively repressing inner thought takes up energy (psychic energy originates in the unconscious) • Thought are sublimated i.e. channelled into other forms • Freudian slips.Parapraxes • Dreams • Neurotic symptoms.

16. Top ten Freudian slips on TV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEIslG2McpA

17. Id: Instincts Pleasure principle Ego: Conscious Reality principle Superego: Conscience Morality The Psyche –the tripartite structural model

18. Personality Development Freud believed that the id, ego and super ego were separate and conflicting forces, They need to be balanced for good mental health and normal behaviour

19. Personality Id Super Ego Ego

21. Development of the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO • At birth, personality is ruled by ID (pleasure principle) • Early childhood (~1yr), EGO starts to develop (reality principle) – develops because realise we can’t always get what we want. • Later childhood (~5yrs), the SUPER EGO emerges (Morality principle)

22. Healthy Psyche OK Guys – I’m in charge. Anything you want has to go through me. OK. OK. Ego Id Superego

23. Neurotic Psyche Listen up! I’m in charge, and you are not here to enjoy yourselves. Get ready for a double-size portion of anxiety with a side order of guilt! No fun. >whimper< Superego Id Ego

24. Psychotic Psyche Sex! Food! Drink! Drugs! NOW! Who turned out the lights? Id Ego Superego

25. Psychopathic Psyche OK. First, gimme food. Then I want sex – lots of it and I don’t particularly care whether it’s with a willing partner. Then I want to hurt people. Badly. Probably be hungry again after that so… OK then. Let’s go.

26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpFFlLGo0oc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViWoqIB2udA

27. Ego Defence Mechanisms Repression • Conflict between the ID and Super ego cause the individual to experience anxiety. • The Ego is a mediator in these conflicts and uses unconscious defence mechanisms to reduce the anxiety. Projection Regression Displacement These can lead to disturbed behaviour if they are overused. E.g. Maternal rejection can lead to regression.

28. Bad thought/Urge Help!! Stressed Ego! Intellectualise or Rationalise It Repress It Deny It Defence Mechanisms Project It Displace It

29. Defence Mechanisms • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvOoYX45G_0&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-NP__ExSSE&feature=related

30. 3rd important assumption • The first 5 years of life are important to personality development • All children pass through the same 5 stages, if issues remain unresolved in any of these stages it can lead to later personality problems • Libido is sexual energy an instinctive energy. We are born with innate drives.

31. 5 Psychosexual Stages • Freud said all children go through these stages of development. • The order cannot be changed • At each stage the libido (inborn energy) is concentrated in different parts of the body. • The child is driven to satisfy the libido since satisfaction gives pleasure. • What happens during these stages affects the adult personality.

32. Psychosexual Development We all pass through psychosexual stages in childhood – conflicts/fixations in these stages can lead to later behaviour being affected. • Oral (0-1) – pleasure from mouth/sucking • Anal (1-3) – pleasure from anal region • Phallic (3-6) – pleasure from the genitals • Latency (6-12) – less concentration on sexual areas – development of other activities. • Genital (Puberty +) – pleasure through heterosexual relationships.

33. Psychosexual stages • We are all hedonistic- that is we are driven to satisfy the instinctual demands of the ID • Sources of pleasure are determined by the libido (life force) • As a child moves through different stages of development (psychosexual stages) the sources of pleasure change

34. Fixation Forceful feeding Deprivation Early weaning Oral activities (e.g. smoking), dependency, aggression. Oral Toilet training: Too harsh Too lax Obsessiveness, tidiness, mean-ness; untidiness, generosity Anal Abnormal family set-up leading to unusual relationship with mother/father Vanity, self-obsession, sexual anxiety , inadequacy, inferiority, envy Phallic http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20848/

35. Homework • Using the internet research the following case studies conducted by Freud: • Little Hans • Anna O.

36. Homework • Using the internet research the following case studies conducted by Freud: • Little Hans • Anna O.

37. Importance of psychological factors Evaluation? Deterministic Influential Validity? Testable? Reliant on interpretation Repressed memories, but reliable? Reliant on case studies Emphasis or overemphasis on childhood? Falsifiable research methods?

38. Using pages 186-187 in your textbook and pages 130-133 in the Collins book create your own mind map of the psychodynamic approach and evaluation points.

39. Psycho Quiz! • What term did Freud use to describe the dynamics of the personality? _ _ _ _ _ _ • Freud disputed that what caused mental illness? • Which structure in the personality is based on the reality principle? • Which structures impulses can lead to psychopathic adult behaviour if not kept in check. • Experiences in which time period of our lives are most important according to Freud? • Name one defence mechanism. • Defence mechanisms are used to reduce what that stems from what? • Outline one criticism of the psychodynamic approach.

40. Objectives: • To know the basic principles of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology. • To evaluate this approach to therapy.

41. Psychoanalysis

42. Fold your paper in half. Put some paint on one half No patterns Do not think about it Fold the paper in half What do you see….? Ink Blots

43. Ink Blots • What do you see….? • Use your imagination, what can you see in your ink blot? • Write you thoughts on your ink blot. • Extension: On another piece of paper, write down a recent dream you had.

44. Many mental disorders are caused by unconscious factors and repressed material. Therefore the individual is unaware of what is causing their mental ill health. So main aim of therapies is to uncover this repressed material. Once uncovered, they are able to release the power it has over their behaviour (e.g. causing their mental illness). This is called catharsis. Psychoanalysis

45. Psychoanalysis is often called a ‘talking cure’ and from this many other techniques were developed to uncover the unconscious. Dream analysis Free association Projective tests Psychoanalysis

46. Free Association • Patient is encouraged to express their thoughts exactly as they come into their mind, even though they may seem irrelevant or inappropriate. • The ego will attempt the censor what is said, but the free thinking allows previously unconscious thoughts to slip through. • Bring into consciousness memories that have been repressed. • This releases the power it had over their behaviour – hence a ‘talking cure’. http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20682/

47. Free Association • Patient is encouraged to express their thoughts exactly as they come into their mind, even though they may seem irrelevant or inappropriate. • The ego will attempt the censor what is said, but the free thinking allows previously unconscious thoughts to slip through. • The therapist does not react especially not negatively. • Bring into consciousness memories that have been repressed. • This releases the power it had over their behaviour – hence a ‘talking cure’. • The therapist will try to interpret what is said to understand unconscious conflicts.

48. Free Association • Patient is encouraged to express their thoughts exactly as they come into their mind, even though they may seem irrelevant or inappropriate. • The ego will attempt the censor what is said, but the free thinking allows previously unconscious thoughts to slip through. • The therapist does not react especially not negatively. • Bring into consciousness memories that have been repressed. • This releases the power it had over their behaviour – hence a ‘talking cure’. • The therapist will try to interpret what is said to understand unconscious conflicts.

49. Dream Analysis • ‘The royal road to the unconscious.’ • The symbolic imagery of dreams was a reflection of unconscious material. • Obvious content– called the manifest content. • Beneath the manifest content lies the actual meaning – the latent content. • Therapist identifies unconscious which are causing the mental illness. • For example, dream with knife (manifest content), this might be symbolic of castration (latent content)…. Oedipus complex.

50. Dream Analysis • ‘The royal road to the unconscious.’ • The symbolic imagery of dreams was a reflection of unconscious material when the ego defences are lowered. • Obvious content– called the manifest content. • Beneath the manifest content lies the actual meaning – the latent content.Therapist guides the individual to uncover the latent content. • For example, dream with knife (manifest content), this might be symbolic of castration (latent content)…. Oedipus complex. A collapsing bridge might represent marriage breakdown.