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Renewable Energy and Green Business in Bangladesh

This paper discusses the use of renewable energy and its impact on the environment and society in Bangladesh. It explores different sources of renewable energy, energy demand, and various renewable energy programs and business models. The study highlights the necessity of renewable energy in the face of environmental issues caused by fossil fuel energy use.

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Renewable Energy and Green Business in Bangladesh

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  1. Renewable Energy Context, Scope, Application and Green Business in Bangladesh Professor Dr. KaziAbdurRouf Noble International University Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Environmental Studies York University, Canada. Paper presented at the Association for Non-profit and Social Economy Research (ANSER) Conference 2015 Ottawa, Canada June 3-5, 2015

  2. Topic to be covered This paper talks about fossil fuel energy and renewable energy use Their consequence/impact in the nature and society.

  3. Methodology Author incorporates his working experience with Grameen Shakti (GS) Collected data from different RE implementing organizations in Bangladesh during his visit to Bangladesh in 2014-2015. Literature Review Face to face interview to RE agencies executives and RE users

  4. Objectives of the Study The study explores RE resource sources, scenarios of RE Identify Demand of Energy Discern utilization different types of RE programs and use RE business models and their benefits in Bangladesh.

  5. Why Renewable Energy Necessary Energy is inevitable for development and its demand is increasing day by day Energy from fossil fuel (coals, diesel, kerosene, wood etc.) generates carbon, CO 2 emissions, and green house emissions Fossil fuel pollute air, and destroy environment resulted global warming Energy scientists are looking for alternative energy resources uses that are environmentally friendly and good for human being They are provoking for renewable energy (solar radiation energy, bio gas energy, wind energy, water wave energy, CNG energy and hydropower energy) use PV technologies produce very small amount of CO2 compared to the emissions from conventional existing fossil fuel energy technologies RE uses is less harmful to living beings and environment

  6. Environmental (CO2) Issues in Bangladesh Green house gases (CO2 Ch4, and N2O) emitted in burning of different types of fuel lead to air pollution, environmental pollution and global warming. Gradual increase of global temperature and its consequences affect Bangladesh, risen the sea level of Bay of Bengal. It is because of climate change Nine warmest years in the 20th century have occurred since 1980 and 1990s were probably the warmest decade of the second millennium (IPCC, 2001). Fossil fuel energy use, the largest sole source of CO2 emissions and a large contributor of CH4 and N2O emissions, accounted for 81.7 percent of emissions

  7. Environmental (CO2) Issues in Bangladesh continue-2 Earth’s atmosphere receives around 27,000 million tons of CO2 in the recent years USA is the largest CO2 emitter in the world, which releases 5,729 million tons of CO2 every year with 19.7 million tons of per capita emission Next CO2 contributor is China releases 3,719 million tons with 2.9 million tons of per capita emission From 1973 to 2006, the emission of CO2 has increased at a rate of 79.05%.

  8. Global Energy Situation Hydropower plays 80% energy among renewable and contributes 20% of the total energy generation. 150 countries are producing hydroelectricity by constructing dams Nepal, India and China have a huge potential in hydropower generation Among them, Nepal and India have hydropower potential of 84,000 MW and 34,000 MW respectively China installed a massive hydroelectric project, Three Gorges Dam, capacity of 18,000 MW Global renewable energy increased at 15%-30% percent annually during the period 2002-2006.

  9. Global Energy Situation continue-2 UN predicts 50% of the world’s population live in cities and it will 60% in 2030 75% of energy consumption is directly related to cities The fasted growing energy technology is grid-connected solar PV Growing capacity by 60% per year from 2000-2004 from >400,000 rooftops in Japan, Germany, and the United States. Average annual growth of PV market over the last 15 years is 30 percent

  10. GHG Emission Factor Fuel mixed grid electricity production contains huge CO2, CH4, N2O emission Fuel Type Fuel Mix (%) CO2 emission Small hydro 4.9% 0.0 Natural gas 90% 56.1 Diesel (#2 oil) 5.1% 74.1 Electricity mix 100%

  11. Bangladesh Energy Concerns Before 2006, only 40% people connected to grid electricity 60% depend mostly on biomass energy, kerosene and diesel powered electricity Remote villagers and coastal energy users are suffering from energy use. Kerosene is the most common fuel used by the households for illumination purposes Quality of light from kerosene lamps is poor and not adequate enough for all purposes. Besides, It’s emissions is hazardous Biomass fuel is scarcity for cooking Small-scale private generators are in operation in some markets to provide

  12. Bangladesh Energy Concerns continue-2 Commercial shops in the non-electrified market places use kerosene lamps, candles, etc. Electrified shops face problems of load shedding, irregular supply of electricity Diesel engines are using for pumping irrigation water facing many mechanical problems. Load shedding and frequent interruption in the supply of electricity affect industrial production Bangladesh is facing sea-level rise and frequently occurring catastrophes.

  13. Dhaka Mega City Energy Problem Population of Dhaka City rose to 6.15 million in 1991. Number of inhabitants in the Dhaka Mega City rose to 14 million in 2008 17.9 million in 2015. Demand for energy consumption has been increased manifold. However, the power situation is not satisfactory at all Dhaka Megacity is supplied around 1, 000-1,200 MW of electricity against the peak demand of nearly 2,000 MW. Bangladesh as whole continues to have 1,500 MW of deficit While Dhaka City lacks more than 500 MW. More than 10% households of Dhaka are still without electricity connection

  14. Dhaka Mega City continue-2 Currently the demand is around 1,500-2,000 MW DESA can supply a maximum of 1,000-1,200 MW, which is not enough Present government take huge steps to install nuclear plants for electricity generation City has 0.8 million domestic gas connections Many of the households are still without gas connections including slums. Compressed natural gas CNG) has drastically changed people`s transportation system Nearly 40% of the population of Dhaka Megacity is the slum-dwellers Entire Slum households’ settlements need 3-5 MW electricity This 3-5 MW energy can be generated from the off-grid SPV systems 46,000 people die every year in Bangladesh from exposure to indoor air pollution caused by traditional cook stoves

  15. Dhaka Mega City continue-3 70% of the victims are being children under age of five years 90% of the households in Bangladesh uses biomass fuels and low efficiency stoves for cooking It causes severely adverse health impacts Production and consumption of global energy are still dominated by the non-renewable energies (petroleum, natural gas and coal) In 2005, electricity generation worldwide was 17,450 TWh, out of which 40% was generated from coal, 20% from gas, 16% from nuclear, 16% hydro, 7% from oil and only 2% from renewable sources such as geothermal, solar, wind and waste Total electricity generation in 2006 was 18, 930 TWh in which the contribution of coal, gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and renewable was 41%, 20.1%, 5.8, 14.8%, 16% and 2.3 respectively

  16. Dhaka Mega City continue-4 In 1973, oil (24.7%) and coal (38.3%) made the major contribution in electricity generation Generation and consumption of electricity have both increased at a rate of more than 200% during 1973-2006 IEA (2008) thinks RE sources are likely to serve the globe with negligible environmental threats compare to fossil and nuclear fuels SWERA (2007) finds GHG emission from electricity grid (20,062 MKWh) is 9 million tons By 2020 electricity demand should be doubled and CO2 emission would be around 18 million tons in Dhaka City

  17. Table-3: CO2 Emission Production in Bangladesh Source: IEA, 2003

  18. Large Electricity Deficit in Bangladesh Bangladesh had installed capacity of 5,202 MW (current is 4,000 MW mainly due to ageing of infrastructures) While electricity generation at present is around 3,700-3,800 MW against the present demand of over 5,000 MW Country’s electricity demand is increasing over 500MW each year Therefore, Bangladesh has been suffering from energy crisis Huge load shading, lack of sufficient energy for agricultural irrigation is because of energy crisis Before 2000s, rural people use biomass fuel for cooking

  19. Large Electricity Deficit in Bangladesh continue-2 50% energy obtained from biomass energy in the rural areas Indigenous gas, oil imported are the major source of primary commercial energy Hydroelectric energy sources are managing by the public sector which is very limited and inefficient Bangladesh power is generated with conventional fuel (82% indigenous natural gas, 9% imported oil, 5% coal) and renewable sources (4% hydropower and solar) Urban areas, 70.32% households are connected with electricity While only 29.68% of the rural households are having electricity connection

  20. Large Electricity Deficit in Bangladesh continue-3 Emission of carbon-dioxide in Bangladesh in 2004 was 37.17 million tons Traditional use of biomass: burning wood, agricultural residues, dung industrial emission, automobiles are sources of GHG emission Urea fertilizer production emit approximately 50% of the country’s total GHG Bangladesh is vulnerable to various devastating disasters: cyclone, tidal surge, sea level rise etc. Solar home systems (SHSs) has covered more than 2.2 million.

  21. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Dhaka Concentration of CO2, other oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and other pollutants have already crossed the danger level in the sky of Dhaka Megacity Emission from industries, brick kilns and automobiles are the major sources of the city’s pollutions Slum dwellers burn crop residues, wood, furnace oil, kerosene for cooking and domestic power These energies cause massive indoor air pollution and poisonous gases including CO2 In order to reduce the greenhouse gases to global warming, there is an urgent need of the RETs utilization in Dhaka Megacity.

  22. Fossil Fuel Reserves • One million ton of coal is to be extracted per year from Barapukuria coal mine. • This provides 240 Mw generations by 2007

  23. Government National Energy Policy First National Policy (NEP) Bangladesh 1996 Government adopted Private Power Generation Policy In 1996, import duty and value added tax from solar PV and wind turbines were withdrawn In April 2004, Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission (BERC) was established NEP 2004 are targeted to provide energy for all Bring entire country under electrification by the year 2020 (MPEMR, 2004).

  24. Renewable Energy Policy Renewable Energy Program in Bangladesh emphasized on the exploitation of solar, wind, biomass gasification, biogas and hydro energy Major objectives of the renew able energy policy aim to exploit potential RES Disseminate RETs in the rural, peri-urban and urban areas Policy has targeted to develop RES to meet 5% of the total power demand by 2015 and 10%by the year 2020 (MPEMR, 2008).

  25. Conventional Energy Supply and Resources Table: Per capita energy consumption (kgoe, 2003). Source: IEA (2008)

  26. Conventional Energy Supply and Resources Consumption per capita is 1/10th of the world India achieved a remarkable progress in generating power from different renewable energy sources especially solar PV systems Bangladesh has an annual capacity of electricity generations of 140 GW In which 32.1% can be generated from renewable sources including large hydro-projects and Rest can be produced from non-renewable sources Government of India has recently decided to electrify 67 million remote rural households with solar home systems By the year 2020, India has a target of achieving 20 GW of PV generated power

  27. Energy Status in Bangladesh About 90% of the population in vast rural areas were practically without electricity. Table: PBS (Palli Bidyut Samity activities in Bangladesh Source: SWERA, 2007.

  28. Table-4: Production and consumption of Natural Gas in Bangladesh Source: BBS, 2006.

  29. Imported Fossil Fuels Kerosene is used widely for lighting in villages Table 8: Import of Petroleum Products and Crude Oil Source: British Petroleum, (2005)

  30. Electricity Generation and Consumption in Bangladesh, 2005-2006.

  31. Energy Generation pattern FY2004 Figure below presents the fossil fuel supply for electricity generation which shows that natural gas is the major energy source. Energy Generation pattern FY2004 Natural gas 89% Oil 7% Hydro 4%

  32. Table: Coal deposits discovered in Bangladesh Source: Energy & Power, August 1, 2005 and May 1, 2006.

  33. Table-5: Electricity Generation and Consumption in Bangladesh (2005-2006) Source: SWERA

  34. Table: Estimates of Energy Supplied by Traditional Biomass Fuels (‘000 tons of coal equivalent) Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2006)

  35. Renewable Energy Application in Bangladesh until 1990s Solar energy owns a share of more than 99.9% of all the energy converted on earth Energy sent to the earth from the sun each year is equivalent to almost 15,000 times of the world’s commercial energy consumption and more than 100 times the world’s proven oil, gas, and coal reserves The continuous supply of the solar energy to the earth’s surface is equivalent to a power of about of 100,000 TW There has not been any significant progress in the promotion and development of RETs by public sector and other sectors until 2010 It is because highly expensive installation devices, high maintenance costs and lack of strong political commitment

  36. Hydropower Karnafuli Multipurpose Hydroelectricity Project (KMHEP) renewable energy development project, produce electricity 230 MW. This project contributes to 5% of the total national electricity Two other prospective sites for hydropower generations at Sangu (100MW) and Matamuhuri (75 M) rivers Gas consumption in the year 2004-2005 was 487 bcf There has been a large increase in gas consumption Petroleum Oil is one of the most important sources of energy in Bangladesh It is estimated Bangladesh coal fields could have 2.55 billion tons of reserves.

  37. Bangladesh Renewable Energy Sources and Technology Practices Rural people uses energy from traditional biomass- cow dung, domestic wastes, jute stick, rice straws, twigs, etc. Hydropower generates around 5% of the total consumption. So solar and wind energy is find a great potential source of energy in Bangladesh.

  38. Table: Estimates of Energy Supplied by Traditional Biomass Fuels (‘000 tons of coal equivalent) Source: BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2006)

  39. Renewable Energy Prospects in Bangladesh Normally in a geographical area with 25o Celsius temperature, panels produce the maximum level of solar energy More and lesser the temperature than 250 Celsius, the less is the generation of electrical power Geophysical features of Bangladesh favours installations of solar home systems everywhere in Bangladesh.

  40. Table: Renewable Energy Prospects in Bangladesh Source: Alam et al. (2003)

  41. Solar Energy Solar PV lighting program in Bangladesh includes on rural houses, small businesses Private sector, commercial and NGOs are implementing renewable energy source Rahimafrooz continued manufacturing solar grade deep cycle batteries Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) in Bangladesh has been involved to promotion of SPV systems It has supported to installed around 450,000 solar home systems all over the country through the partner NGOs

  42. Solar Tracking System Roof-top grid connected PV System Roof Mounted Solar PV System Building Integrated PV (BIPV) System Ground Mounted Solar PV System Stand alone or Island SPV Systems: This system is very much popular in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia Indonesia and many other Asian and African countries Wind Energy: its utilization in Bangladesh is still in early stage Tidal Energy: In the coastal part of Bangladesh, there is a potential for this energy

  43. Institutional Arrangement for Renewable Energy (RE) exploitations in Bangladesh Government has made its visionary statement electricity to all by the year 2020 SHSs can rapidly reach to rural areas with less infrastructure cost from the state After 2015, the fuel share of gas reduces from 85% to 61% and only 1% by the year 2030 Bangladesh has to heavily depend on coal based generations. But the exploitation of coal creates social and environmental problems Solar power exploitation can be an alternative to meet power crisis.

  44. Institutional Arrangement for Renewable Energy (RE) exploitations in Bangladesh continue-2 Public agencies like Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPWB) Rural Electricity Board (REB) has been carrying out projects to promote renewable energy activities. Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), a state-owned non-banking financial institution. These organizations are involved in Rural Energy and Renewable Energy Development Programmes

  45. Scope of Renewable Energy use in Bangladesh Bangladesh has an enormous potential in solar energy Installations of small and large-scale PV systems can help to reduce its current share of GHG emission. Typical SHS can save yearly 290 litres of family using kerosene by using solar lighting

  46. Energy demand Scenarios in Bangladesh

  47. Table: Projected demand for energy (commercial and electricity) under Low economic growth Scenario (business as usual), Source: SWERA, 2007.

  48. Table : Projected demand for energy (commercial ) under reference economic scenario growth , Source: SWERA, 2007.

  49. Application of SHSs energy and its contribution to save CO2 Currently installed 450,000 solar home systems all over the country can save 130 million litters of kerosene and 342,000 tons of CO2 annually In Dhaka Megacity, the application of solar PV systems on the bright roof-tops can generate more than 1,000 MW of electricity through grid connected PV system Source: SWERA, 2007.

  50. Favourable Geophysical Situations in Bangladesh The geographical location of Bangladesh on the globe, space availability (land availability, available bright roof surface etc.), global horizontal irradiance (GHI), sunshine hours etc. have been identified as the geophysical situation. The receipt of solar radiation lies in one of the best locations for capturing enough solar radiation for electricity generation November to May has the maximum sunshine duration, and the period from September-October is reasonable satisfactory Daily average GHI in Bangladesh is 4.29 kWh/m2 Solar PV applications can be appropriate for the Megacity of Dhaka.

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