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Introduction to Databases: Concepts, Organization, and Management Systems

Learn about the physical and logical views of data, data organization, types of databases, and the role of database management systems (DBMS). Explore key concepts such as data models, batch vs real-time processing, and the need for efficient data access and security. Discover the different subsystems of DBMS and the structure of various types of databases. Dive into strategic uses of databases, security concerns, and future enhancements.

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Introduction to Databases: Concepts, Organization, and Management Systems

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  1. 12 CHAPTER DATABASES

  2. Competencies (Page 1 of 2) • Distinguish between the physical and logical view of data • Describe how data is organized: characters, fields, records, files, and databases • Describe databases, database issues, and database management systems (DBMS) Page 332

  3. Competencies (Page 2 of 2) • Describe the five data models: hierarchical, network, relational, multidimensional, and object-oriented • Distinguish among individual, company, distributed, proprietary, and Web databases • Recognize strategic database uses and security concerns Page 332

  4. Data • Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events • Two ways to view data • Physical view • Logical view Page 334

  5. Data Organization • Field • Record • File • Database Page 334

  6. Key Field • Unique identifier also known as primary field or primary key • Common examples • Social security number • Driver’s license • Credit card account Page 336

  7. Batch Processing Batch Versus Real-time Processing (Page 1 of 2) • Batch processing – data is collected over hours, days, etc. Processed all at once as a “batch” Page 336

  8. Batch Versus Real-Time Processing(Page 2 of 2) • Real-time processing -- now Page 338

  9. Need for Database Management Systems • Efficient data access, processing. • Less data redundancy • Data integrity • Sharing – one department to another • Security – passwords to access Access data entry form Page 339

  10. Subsystems of a Database Management System • DBMS engine • MS Access, MS SQL Server, Oracle • Bridge between the logical view and physical view • Data definition subsystem • Data dictionary: defines types of data in each field • Data manipulation subsystem • Provides tools for analyzing and maintaining data • Query-by-example • Structured query language (SQL) • Application generation subsystem • Create data entry forms • interface with common programming languages e.g. visual basic • Data administration subsystem • Manage the database system: security, backup, recovery, performance monitoring Page 339

  11. DBMS Structure • Data models define rules and standards for data in a database – the five data models are: • Hierarchical database • Network database • Relational database • Multidimensional database • Object-oriented database Page 340

  12. Hierarchical Database • Fields or records are structured in nodes • Nodes are point connected like branches • One parent per node • Parent has several child nodes (one-to-many relationship) Airline reservation system Return Page 341

  13. Network Database • Hierarchical node arrangement • Each child node may have more than one parent node (Many-to-many relationship) • Additional nodes are called pointers University Student System Return Page 341

  14. Relational Database • Most flexible • Data stored in table called a relation • Tables consist of rows and columns • Tables related via a common data item • Easy to use Return Page 342

  15. Multidimensional Database • A variation and an extension of the relational model • Includes a hyper cube • Good for representing complex relationships • Advantages over relational • Conceptualization • Processing speed Return Page 343

  16. Object-Oriented Database • Works with unstructured data • Photographs • Graphics • Audio • Video • Objects contain both data and instructions • Organize using objects, classes, entities, attributes, and methods Return Page 344

  17. Types of Databases • The five classifications of databases include: • Individual or microcomputer database • Company or shared • Operational • User • Distributed • Web database Page 345

  18. Database Uses and Issues • Strategic uses • Special type of database called data warehouse • Data mining used to search database • Security • Databases are valuable • Protection necessary Electronic fingerprint pads Page 348

  19. A Look to the FutureXperanto • Enhancement to searching for data • Access to structured (relational databases) and unstructured data (word processing and spreadsheet files) Page 350

  20. Discussion Questions (Page 1 of 2) • Describe the five logical data groups or categories. • What is the difference between batch processing and real-time processing? • Identify and define the five part of DBMS programs. • What are the five types of databases? Why does more than one kind of database exist? Page 359

  21. Discussion Questions (Page 2 of 2) • What are some of the benefits and limitations of databases? Why is security a concern? Page 359

  22. Example— Simple Banking Business • Bank has many customers who open and maintain one or more accounts. • For each customer • Name, address, unique ID, account(s) • example • For each account • Account number, CustomerID, account type, balance • example

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