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Learn about the devastating impact of World War One in Europe: alliances formed, nationalism fueling conflicts, the Treaty of Versailles aftermath, and the quest for peace.
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3 things you already knew • 3 things you will be learning in this chapter
World War 1…. • Europe… “ang moh” region of the world. • Why called “world” war?
Do you know? There’s signs of World War One in Singapore as well!Guess where?
The Cenotaph was built in memory of the 124 British soldiers born or resident in Singapore who gave their lives to World War One, with a second dedication added on the reverse side in remembrance to those who died in World War Two.
Vandalized in April 2012http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/cenotaph-vandal-gets-3/790744.html
Let’s get back to WW1 in EUROPE…. • TB pages 4-5
European countries competed for COLONIES. • God, Glory, Gold. • European countries formed ALLIANCES. • Why? • Make themselves stronger; so that they would be assisted during wartime. • NATIONALISM – desire by a nationality to become an independent country.
TB page 5 • Austria-Hungary (EMPIRE) • Future leader of A-H got assassinated. • Assassinator: Serbian who encouraged Bosnian nationalism. • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. • Russia got involved. *Russia & Serbia: allies* WORLD WAR ONE BROKE OUT! • Germany + Austria-Hungary = Central Powers • Britain + France + Russia + Italy (which switched sides) + Japan + USA = Allied Powers
War for 4 long years…. Stalemate!
Grenade blast and devastation In Verdun, France, WW1
Douaumont ossuary, a cemetery for both French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun (France) in 1916
4 things about WW1 • Lasted for 4 years – 1914-1918. • Germany had to agree to an armistice (ceasefire) • Much of the war had been fought in France, a lot of destruction in France. • Bloody war
War for 4 long years… • WW1: World’s first large-scale war. • A very bloody war (numerous civilians and soldiers perished in the war) • Finally ended in Nov 1918 with Germany signing an ARMISTICE (temporary peace agreement). • Germany did not feel it was defeated.
Impact of World War One • Bloody War (very disastrous!) • Numerous young men were either killed, wounded or missing in the course of battle. • Millions of civilians perished. • Properties and agricultural land destroyed.
Paris Peace Conference (1919) • Aim: Victorious powers met to discuss the terms for establishing peace (Treaty of Versailles), as well as the price Germany had to pay for the war. • Qns to keep in mind: To what extent was the TOV a fair treaty? • What is a FAIR treaty? • Is it possible to have a FAIR treaty to all parties?
Hall of Mirrors, Present Day
Discussions were held in Versailles, Paris and continued for about 5 months. • Leaders of the USA, France and Britain formulated the peace treaty known as the Treaty of Versailles – these leaders were known as “Big Three” as they were the more powerful countries among the Allied Powers and had contributed the most towards winning the war. • Germans were not invited to the Paris Peace Conference, and not consulted on the terms of the treaty.
Big Three • Discussion led mainly by ‘Big Three’: • Woodrow Wilson (President of USA) • Georges Clemanceau (Prime Minister of France) • David Llyod George (Prime Minister of Britain) The Big Three
Germany • Not invited to the Paris Peace Conference and not consulted on the terms of the treaty • Banned from the discussion, which lasted for about 5 months.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points (TB p. 9) 4. General reduction of armaments. 5. Adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants. 6. German evacuation and international recognition of Russia 7. German evacuation of Belgium 8. German evacuation of France and return of Alsace-Lorraine to France 10. Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary 13. Independent Poland with access to the sea 14. A league of nations to provide collective security for ‘small and great nations alike’
Wartime prime minister of France. Known as the ‘Tiger’ for his pursuit of ‘war until the end against Germany in 1918.
Wartime Prime Minister of Britain. (He personally opposed treating Germany too harshly, as he feared an unfair peace would lead to another war.)
Summary of the motivations and aims of the various representatives • Japan and Italy: principally concerned with getting the territorial gains promised to them for their contributions in the war. • Britain and France: keep Germany weak • USA: securing the Fourteen Points than to shape the future of Germany • 14 Pts: e.g. disarmament; set up an association of nations to maintain world peace
http://www.history.com/videos/treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i#treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-ihttp://www.history.com/videos/treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i#treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i
What did the Germans hope for? • A treaty that is not so harsh and one that is fair to Germany.
What did the Germans get? A (Spoilt) BR-A-T!
Mapwork. Turn to page 8 of your tb.
Alsace-Lorraine: given to ______________ • Rhineland – mark out the area yourself: _____________________ zone. Germany was never to have _______ in the Rhineland. _________ troops were to occupy the Rhineland until 1934. • The _______ region of the Saar remained _________ but was to be run by the ________________________________________ until 1934. Any profits that the industries made were to be given to ________________.
Alsace-Lorraine: given to France • Rhineland – mark out the area yourself: Demilitarized zone. Germany was never to have troops in the Rhineland. Allied troops were to occupy the Rhineland until 1934. • The industrial region of the Saar remained German but was to be run by the League of Nations until 1934. Any profits that the industries made were to be given to France.
West Prussia + Posen: Germany had to give up this territory to form the Polish Corridor so as to give _________ independent access to the sea. • Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia: land taken from _____________ by Germany and later taken from ____________ at Versailles. • Austria: Germany was forbidden to form a ________________ and economic union with _________________________ Austria, in order to limit Germany’s ______________
West Prussia + Posen: Germany had to give up this territory to form the Polish Corridor so as to give Poland independent access to the sea. • East Prussia: remained German • Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia: land taken from Russia by Germany and later taken from Germany at Versailles. • Austria: Germany was forbidden to form a political and economic union with German-speaking Austria, in order to limit Germany’s power
Article 231, Treaty of Versailles – TB p. 34 The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected to as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies… Germany has to pay compensation to the Allies… failing which the Allies will have the right to occupy its territories.
