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Splash Screen. Chapter Focus Section 1 Principles of Government Section 2 The Formation of Governments Section 3 Types of Government Section 4 Economic Theories Chapter Assessment. Contents. Why It’s Important. Chapter Objectives.

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Focus Section 1Principles of Government Section 2The Formation of Governments Section 3Types of Government Section 4Economic Theories Chapter Assessment Contents

  3. Why It’s Important

  4. Chapter Objectives • Principles of Government Identify the essential features of a state and describe the theories about the origin of government. • The Formation of Governments Cite similarities and differences between unitary and federal governments. • Types of Government Summarize the relationship between democracy and free enterprise. • Economic Theories Name the ways the United States has modified its free enterprise system. Chapter Objectives

  5. End of Chapter Focus

  6. Principles of Government Key Terms state, nation, nation-state, consensus, sovereignty, government, social contract Find Out • What are the four main purposes of government? • How do various theories explain the origin of government? Section 1 Introduction-1

  7. Principles of Government Understanding Concepts Public PolicyWhich policies of the government make your life better? Which do you think make life worse? Section Objective Identify the essential features of a state and describe the theories about the origin of government. Section 1 Introduction-2

  8. In the last 50 years the number of countries in the world has more than doubled. In 2000, there were 196 independent countries, each with its own people and government. Section 1-1

  9. I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6–8) A. Population, the most obvious essential feature of a state. B. An area with fixed boundaries. C.Sovereignty, or absolute authority, within its territorial boundaries. D. A government which maintains order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that its people must obey. Section 1-2

  10. I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6–8) Section 1-3

  11. I. Essential Features of a State (pages 6–8) U.S. citizens sometimes complain about government, claiming it has too much power and control over their lives. Why do you think they feel this way? People usually complain about government when it affects them directly. Section 1-4

  12. II. Theories of the Origin of the State (page 8) A. The state evolved from the family group. B. One person or a group used force to establish its authority to govern the people. C. The rulers of the people were chosen by the gods to govern. D. The people gave the government its power to rule them, and in return the government had to respect the people’s rights. Section 1-5

  13. II. Theories of the Origin of the State (page 8) During World War II the government imposed hardships, such as the rationing of gasoline and food, on the U.S. population. Are such measures justifiable? Why or why not? When national security is threatened, strong measures are needed. Section 1-6

  14. III. The Purpose of Government (pages 9–11) A. Governments are needed to maintain social order by making and enforcing laws. B. Governments provide essential services for people, such as promoting public health and safety. C. Governments protect people from attack by other states and from internal threats such as terrorism. D. Governments pass laws that shape and control the nation’s economy in various ways. Section 1-7

  15. III. The Purpose of Government (pages 9–11) Do you think the government has too much or too little control over the economy of the United States? Answers will vary. Students should support their opinions with examples. Section 1-8

  16. Checking for Understanding 1. Main Idea In a graphic organizer similar to the one below, identify four major purposes of government and give an example of each. Answers might include: maintain social order—police and courts; provide public services—highways and firefighters; provide national security—army and navy; establish and regulate an economic system—banks and currency. Section 1 Assessment-1

  17. Checking for Understanding A. theory that by contract, people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens B. an agreement about basic beliefs C. the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries D. a country in which the territory of both the nation and state coincide E. group of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and, sometimes, religion Match the term with the correct definition. ___ nation-state ___ consensus ___ social contract ___ sovereignty ___ nation D B A C E Section 1 Assessment-2

  18. Checking for Understanding 3. Identify Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke. Aristotle, a scholar in ancient Greece, was one of the first students of government. He studied the polis, the ancient Greek city-state. Thomas Hobbes was one of the first to theorize on the social contract. John Locke wrote that people were naturally endowed with the right to life, liberty, and property. Locke believed that people had the right to break the contract when the government failed to preserve the rights of the people. Section 1 Assessment-3

  19. Checking for Understanding 4. Summarize the divine right and social contract theories. The divine right theory holds that the state comes from a god and that rulers are descended from or chosen by a god. The social contract theory says people give power to the state so the state may preserve order and rights. Section 1 Assessment-4

  20. Critical Thinking 5. Making Comparisons Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both subscribed to the social contract theory of government. Analyze their views of that theory. Both believed that people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain order, but Locke believed that people had the right to break that contract when government failed to preserve the rights of the people. Hobbes did not believe they had that right. Section 1 Assessment-5

  21. Public Policy Read news articles concerning decisions made by foreign governments. Classify those decisions that you believe are making life better for their citizens and those that you believe are making life worse. Section 1 Concepts in Action

  22. End of Section 1

  23. The Formation of Governments Key Terms unitary system, federal system, confederacy, constitution, constitutional government, preamble, constitutional law, politics, industrialized nation, developing nation Find Out • What are the similarities and differences between a unitary government and a federal government system? • What are the main purposes of a constitution? Section 2 Introduction-1

  24. The Formation of Governments Understanding Concepts Global PerspectivesThe United States Constitution is the oldest written constitution still in use. What does this imply about the stability of government in the world? Section Objective Cite similarities and differences between unitary and federal governments. Section 2 Introduction-2

  25. One of the smallest nations in the world also has one of the oldest governments. Switzerland began in 1291 as a confederation of 3 small cantons, or provincial governments, and today includes 23 cantons. Section 2-1

  26. I. Government Systems (page 12) A. A unitary system of government gives all key powers to the national or central government. B. A federal system of government divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments. Section 2-2

  27. I. Government Systems (page 12) What are the major advantages of a federal system of government? Security against a concentration of power; participation at more levels of government. Section 2-3

  28. II. Constitutions and Government (pages 13–14) A. A constitution is a plan that provides the rules for government. B. Whether written or unwritten, a constitution organizes the structure of government and the way it operates. C. Constitutions set out the goals and purposes of government as well as the ideals shared by the people. D. Constitutions provide the supreme law for states and their governments. Section 2-4

  29. II. Constitutions and Government (pages 13–14) How important do you think a written constitution is to a democratic form of government? Answers will vary. Students should note the need for limited government. Section 2-5

  30. III. Politics and Government (pages 14–15) A.Politics is the effort to control or influence the policies and actions of government. B. Individuals and groups use politics to seek benefits from government. C. Although special interest groups seek special benefits, politics also provides benefits for all the people. Section 2-6

  31. III. Politics and Government (pages 14–15) Why do some U.S. citizens consider “politics” negative? The negative side of political news often receives more attention. Section 2-7

  32. IV. Governing in a Complex World (pages 16–17) A. The world today is divided into industrialized nations, developing nations, and newly industrialized nations. B. These groups of nations have many differences, but they are interdependent in many ways. C. Other groups besides nations, including multinational corporations, political movements, terrorist groups and international organizations, are important in today’s world. Section 2-8

  33. IV. Governing in a Complex World (pages 16–17) What responsibility does the United States bear for the welfare of other nations? Answers will vary. Students may point out that our welfare is closely linked to that of the rest of the world. Section 2-9

  34. Checking for Understanding 1. Main Idea In a Venn diagram like the one below, show the similarities and differences between a constitutional government and a government that merely has a constitution. Constitutional government: Constitution authorizes the government to operate within limits set by the constitution. Government with a constitution: Government operates by its own authority with few limits. Both: A written plan exists for organizing and operating the government. Section 2 Assessment-1

  35. Checking for Understanding A. a plan that provides the rules for government B. the effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government C. law that involves the interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution and state constitutions D. a loose union of independent states E. a statement in a constitution that sets forth the goals and purposes of government Match the term with the correct definition. ___ confederacy ___ preamble ___ politics ___ constitutional law ___ constitution D E B C A Section 2 Assessment-2

  36. Checking for Understanding 3. IdentifyThe Federalist. The Federalist was a series of articles written by James Madison that addressed issues concerning the launching of a new government. Section 2 Assessment-3

  37. Checking for Understanding 4. Analyze how events in the Middle East illustrate economic interdependence. The U.S. and other nations rely on oil from the Middle East and have intervened militarily and diplomatically to protect oil supplies and maintain order. Section 2 Assessment-4

  38. Critical Thinking 5. Analyzing Information James Madison wanted to prevent “factions,” or special interest groups. Would it be possible to have government without special interest groups? Explain. In a democratic society, government without special interest groups is probably impossible since people want to influence government for their own benefit or that of their communities. In a totalitarian state most political activity is repressed. Section 2 Assessment-5

  39. Global Perspectives Choose five foreign nations and find out about each nation’s basic structure of government. When was its constitution adopted? Is the government democratic? Obtain information from a local library or on the Internet. Section 2 Concepts in Action

  40. End of Section 2

  41. Types of Government Key Terms autocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, republic, political party, free enterprise Find Out • What are the main characteristics of a democracy? • Why is free enterprise conducive to the growth and preservation of democracy? Section 3 Introduction-1

  42. Types of Government Understanding Concepts Cultural PluralismHow does a representative democracy provide a good government for diverse peoples? Section Objective Summarize the relationship between democracy and free enterprise. Section 3 Introduction-2

  43. Over 100 million Americans voted in the presidential election of 2000.Yet nearly twice that number were eligible to vote. George W. Bush was elected president with less than 50 percent of the popular vote. Section 3-1

  44. I. Major Types of Government (pages 18–20) A. Governments may be classified according to who governs the state. B. In an autocracy, such as a dictatorship or absolute monarchy, power and authority reside in a single individual. C. In an oligarchy, such as a communist country, a small group holds power in the government. D. In a democracy, such as the United States, the people hold the sovereign power of government. Section 3-2

  45. I. Major Types of Government (pages 18–20) Section 3-3

  46. I. Major Types of Government (pages 18–20) Critics argue that the low voter turnout in recent national elections is a weakness in our democratic system. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your viewpoint. Answers will vary. Students should support their views with thoughtful analysis. Section 3-4

  47. II. Characteristics of Democracy (pages 20–23) A. Government works to secure an equal opportunity for people to develop their own abilities. B. Government is based on majority rule through the people’s elected representatives, but respects the rights of minorities. C. Government is based on free and open elections in which every citizen has the right to vote, every vote has equal weight, and candidates for office can freely express their views. D.Political parties choose candidates for office, respect the voters’ decisions in elections, and act as loyal opposition. Section 3-5

  48. II. Characteristics of Democracy (pages 20–23) Why do you think that nations with wide gaps between the rich and the poor are less likely to have successful democracies? Where there are wide gaps between rich and poor there is less agreement on basic issues. Section 3-6

  49. III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23–24) A. Certain conditions or environments favor the development of the democratic system of government. B. Countries where citizens participate fully in civic life are more likely to maintain a strong democracy. C. Stable, growing economies with a large middle class help strengthen democracies. D. A public school system open to all people helps promote democracy. Section 3-7

  50. III. The Soil of Democracy (pages 23–24) E. A strong civil society in which a network of voluntary organizations (including economic groups, religious groups, and many others) exists independent of government helps democracy to flourish. F. The people accept democratic values such as individual liberty and equality for all in a social consensus. Section 3-8

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