Chapter 2 G enetics and Cancer

1. Chapter 2 Genetics and Cancer

2. Figure 24.1 Estimated number of new cases and deaths from specific types of cancer in the United States in 1997.

3. 2006年台灣十大死因

4. 2006年台灣主要癌症死亡率

5. 2006年台灣地區主要癌症死亡原因 男性 女性 資料來源:行政院衛生署

6. Benign tumor: Tumor cells do not invade the surrounding tissues. Malignant tumor: Cells detach from a tumor and invade the surrounding tissues, i.e. metastasis. Carcinogens: Agents such as radiation, mutagenic chemicals, and certain types of viruses can transform normal cells into cancerous cells.

7. Checkpoint: A mechanism that halts progression through the cycle until a critical process such as DNA synthesis is completed, or until damaged DNA is repaired. Mid-G1 phase CDK: cyclin-dependent kinase In tumor cells, checkpoints in the cell cycle are typically deregulated. Figure 24.2 A schematic view of the START checkpoint in the mammalian cell cycle. Passage through the checkpoint depends on the activity of the cyclinD/CDK4 protein complex.

8. Cancer is caused by genetic malfunctions • The cancerous state is clonally inherited. The cancerous condition is transmitted from each cell to its daughters at the time of cell division. • Certain types of viruses can induce the formation of tumors in experimental animal, indicating that viral genes are involved in the transformation process. • Cancers can be induced by mutagenic agents that cause mutations of genes. • Certain types of cancer tend to run in families, e.g. retinoblastoma and colon cancers. • Certain type of leukemias and lymphomas are associated with particular chromosomal aberrations.

9. Tumor-Inducing Retroviruses and Viral Oncogenes • Rous sarcoma virus • The first tumor-Inducing retroviruses • Discovered in 1910 by Dr. Peyton Rous • Caused sarcoma in the connective tissue of chicken • Encode four gene, gag (capsid protein), pol (reverse transcriptase), env (envelope), and v-src (protein kinase) • V-src is a oncogene that responsible for the virus’s ability to form tumors Oncogene:Gene that causes cancer is called oncogene

10. Viral oncogene (v-onc)

11. Single exon Cellular homologues of viral oncogenes: The proto-oncogenes (c-onc) Figure 24.3 Structures of the v-src and c-src genes

12. Why do v-oncs induce tumors, whereas normal c-oncs do not? - v-onc produces much more protein - v-onc genes express at inappropriate times p707 - v-onc genes express mutant forms of the proteins

13. Figure 24.4 The transfection test to identify DNA sequences capable of transforming normal cells into cancer cells. Dr. Robert Weinberg c-H-ras oncogene

14. (a) Normal Ras protein signaling Dominant activator (b) Oncogenic Ras protein signaling Figure 24.5 Ras protein signaling and cancer

15. bcr/c-abl fusion protein: constitutively activated c-abl tyrosine kinase function Figure 24.6 The reciprocal translocation involved in the Philadelphia chromosome associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

16. Figure 24.7 A reciprocal translocation involved in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Immunoglobulins in B cell: H (chromo. 14), l (chromo. 22), k (chromo. 2)

17. Tumor Suppressor Genes

18. Knudson’s Two-Hit Hypothesis Non-inherited Figure 24.8 Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis to explain the occurrence of inherited and sporadic cases of retinoblastoma. Two inactivating mutations are required to eliminate the function of the RB gene.

19. The Retinoblastoma Tumor-Suppressor Gene Dominant inheritance Somatic divisions Homozygous or hemizygous for the RB- alleles (recessive mutation)

20. Inherited Cancer Syndromes

21. Early G1 Late G1 S M Figure 24.9 Role of pRB in progression of the cell cycle.

22. dominant DBD OD TAD recessive Damage to the DNA induces an increase in the abundance of p53 Cell-cycle Arrest Pathway Apoptotic Pathway Cell death Cell-cycle arrest Figure 24.10 (a) Principal domains within p53. (b) Role of p53 in cellular response to DNA damage. TAD, transcription activation domain DBD, DNA binding domain OD, homo-oligomerization domain

23. Figure 24.11 (a) Principal domains within pAPC. (b) Role of pAPC in cell-cycle control. Autosomal dominant disease, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) APC adenomatous polyposis coli

24. Metastatic colorectal cancer Androgen- independent prostate cancer Glioblastoma Figure 24.12 Genetic pathways to cancer.

25. Six hallmarks of the pathways leading to malignant cancer • Cancer cells acquire self-sufficiency in the signaling processes that stimulate division and growth. • Cancer cells are abnormally insensitive to signals that inhibit growth. • 3. Cancer cells can evade programmed cell death. • 4. Cancer cells acquire limitless replicative potential. • 5. Cancer cells develop ways to nourish themselves. • 6. Cancer cells acquire the ability to invade other tissues and colonize them. Pages 704-705