Chapter: Heredity

Table of Contents Chapter: Heredity Section 1: Genetics Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel

Genetics Since Mendel 2 A. Incomplete Dominance 1. When the offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype, this inheritance is called incomplete dominance. 2. Examples of incomplete dominance include the flower color of some plant breeds and the coat color of some horse breeds.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 B. Multiple Alleles 1. Many traits are controlled by more than two alleles. 2. A trait that is controlled by more than two alleles is said to be controlled by multiple alleles.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 B. Multiple Alleles 3. Traits controlled by multiple alleles produce more than three phenotypes of that trait. 4. Blood type in humans is an example of multiple alleles that produce only four phenotypes. 5. The alleles for blood types are called A, B, and O.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 B. Multiple Alleles 6. When a person inherits one A allele and one B allele for blood type, both are expressedphenotype AB. 7. A person with phenotype A blood has the genetic makeup, or genotypeAA or AO.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 B. Multiple Alleles 8. Someone with phenotype B blood has the genotype BB or BO. 9. Finally, a person with phenotype O blood has the genotype OO.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 C. Polygenic Inheritance 1. Polygenic (pah lih JEH nihk) inheritance occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait. 2. The effects of many alleles produces a wide variety of phenotypes. Click image to view movie.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 C. Polygenic Inheritance 3. Your height and the color of your eyes and skin are just some of the many human traits controlled by polygenic inheritance. 4. It is estimated that three to six gene pairs control your skin color. 5. The environment also plays an important role in the expression of traits controlled by polygenic inheritance.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 D. Impact of the Environment 1. Your environment plays a role in how some of your genes are expressed or whether they are expressed at all. 2. Environmental influences can be internal or external.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 D. Impact of the Environment 3. Although genes determine many of your traits, you might be able to influence their expression by the decisions you make. 4. For instance, if some people at risk for skin cancer limit their exposure to the Sun and take care of their skin, they might never develop cancer.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 E. Human Genes and Mutations 1. Occasionally errors occur in the DNA when it is copied inside of a cell. 2. Such changes and errors are called mutations. 3. Not all mutations are harmful. They might be helpful or have no effect on an organism.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 F. Chromosome Disorders 1. Every organism has a specific number of chromosomes. 2. However, mistakes in the process of meiosis can result in a new organism with more or fewer chromosomes than normal.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 F. Chromosome Disorders 3. If three copies of chromosome 21 are produced in the fertilized human egg, Down’s syndrome results. 4. Individuals with Down’s syndrome can be short, exhibit learning disabilities, and have heart problems.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 G. Recessive Genetic Disorders 1. Many human genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, are caused by recessive genes. 2. Some recessive genes are the result of a mutation within the gene. 3. Many of these alleles are rare.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 G. Recessive Genetic Disorders 4. Such genetic disorders occur when both parents have a recessive allele responsible for this disorder. 5. Because the parents are heterozygous, they don’t show any symptoms.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 G. Recessive Genetic Disorders 6. If each parent passes the recessive allele to the child, the child inherits both recessive alleles and will have a recessive genetic disorder.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 G. Recessive Genetic Disorders 7. Cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disorder that can lead to death among Caucasian Americans. 8. In most people, a thin fluid is produced that lubricates the lungs and intestinal tract. 9. People with cystic fibrosis produce thick mucus instead of this thin fluid.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 G. Recessive Genetic Disorders 10. The thick mucus builds up in the lungs and makes it hard to breathe. 11. This buildup often results in repeated bacterial respiratory infections.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 H. Sex Determination 1. Each egg produced by a female normally contains one X chromosome. 2. Males produce sperm that normally have either an X or a Y chromosome.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 H. Sex Determination 3. When a sperm with an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring is a female, XX. 4. A male offspring, XY is the result of a Y-containing sperm fertilizing an egg.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 I. Sex-Linked Disorders 1. An allele inherited on a sex chromosome is called a sex-linked gene. 2. Color blindness is a sex-linked disorder in which people cannot distinguish between certain colors, particularly red and green.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 I. Sex-Linked Disorders 3. This trait is a recessive allele on the X chromosome. 4. Because males have only one X chromosome, a male with this allele on his X chromosome is color-blind. 5. A color-blind female occurs only when both of her X chromosomes have the allele for this trait.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 J. Pedigrees Trace Traits • A pedigree is a visual tool for following a trait through generations of a family. • Males are represented by squares and females by circles.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 J. Pedigrees Trace Traits • A completely filled circle or square shows that the trait is seen in that person. • Half-colored circles or squares indicate carriers. • People represented by empty circles or squares do not have the trait and are not carriers.

Genetics Since Mendel 2 K. Using Pedigrees 1. A pedigree is a useful tool for a geneticist. 2. When geneticists understand how a trait is inherited, they can predict the probability that a baby will be born with a specific trait.

Genetics Since Mendel 4. These organisms are bred to increase their yield and nutritional content. 2 K. Using Pedigrees 3. Pedigrees also are important in breeding animals or plants.

Biotechnology 3 L. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering, is the use of biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene. • Genetic engineering already is used to help produce large volumes of medicine. • Genetic engineering researchers are also looking for new ways improve crop production and quality.

Biotechnology 3 M. Recombinant DNA 1. Recombinant DNA is made by inserting a useful segment of DNA from one organism into a bacterium. 2.This method is used to produce human insulin, human growth hormone, and other chemicals by bacteria.

Biotechnology 3 N. Gene Therapy 1. Gene therapy is another kind of genetic engineering. 2. In gene therapy, a normal allele is placed in a virus. The virus then delivers the normal allele when it infects the target cell. The normal allele replaces the abnormal one.

Biotechnology 3 N. Gene Therapy 3. Scientists are conducting experiments that use this method to test ways of controlling cystic fibrosis and some kinds of cancer. 4. Gene therapy might be a method of curing several other genetic disorders in the future.

Biotechnology 3 O. Genetically Engineered Plants • Selecting plants with the most desired traits to breed for the next generation is called selective breeding. • Genetic engineering can produce improvements in crop plants, such as corn, wheat, and rice.

Biotechnology 3 O. Genetically Engineered Plants 3. One type of genetic engineering involves finding the genes that produce desired traits in one plant and then inserting those genes into a different plant.

Section Check 2 Question 1 • Why is color blindness a sex-linked trait? • Because the alleles for this trait are carried on the X-chromosome, one of the sex chromosomes. • Because it pass through mother side only. • Because males are more likely to be color-blind than females.

Section Check 2 Question 2 In Himalayan rabbits, dark-colored fur is only found on cooler parts of the rabbits’ bodies. This is an example of _______. A. how sex-linked conditions change coat color B. the risk of cancer in rabbits with light fur C. the impact of internal environment on gene expression D. what hybrid rabbits look like

Section Check 2 Question 3 If an individual has three copies of chromosome 21, what condition will result? A. color blindness B. cystic fibrosis C. Down’s syndrome D. Hemophilia

Section Check 3 Question 4 What is it called when scientists use biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of DNA in a gene?

Section Check 3 Question 5 Using genetic engineering to replace defective alleles in people with genetic diseases is called _______. A. gene therapy B. Mendelian genetics C. pedigree analysis D. recombinant DNA

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Chapter: Heredity