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World War I

World War I. The Great War 1914-1918. Causes. What is it? Nations vs. States Examples: German Unification via Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 Alsace & Lorraine Bismark Italian Unification Via wars w/ Austria, France (1870- Papal States) Serbia

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World War I

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  1. World War I The Great War 1914-1918

  2. Causes

  3. What is it? • Nations vs. States • Examples: • German Unification via Franco-Prussian War • 1870-1871 • Alsace & Lorraine • Bismark • Italian Unification • Via wars w/ Austria, France (1870- Papal States) • Serbia • Unification of Slavic peoples in Balkans  wars of nat’l liberation • Pan-Slavism  Yugoslavia Nationalism

  4. Race to build biggest, strongest, wealthiest empire •  competition, rivalry, hatred, wars, arms race • Germany • In a RUSH to “Find Her Place in the Sun” • VS. • US (Pago, Pago), French Morocco (1905/1912), Berlin – Baghdad RR (19050 • Russia • Desire to expand to find warm water ports  conflicts vs. Ottomans (1854)  and Japan (1905)  • GB • Goal = Balance of Power • Largest navy, strongest empire • Protect empire, develop trade! Imperialism

  5. What is it? • Armies + weapons = defense of empire, nation • New tech = submarines (U-boats), airplanes, machine guns, tanks • War = GLORY! • Naval Arms Race: 1900-1914 • GB vs. GERM • Spending increase • Compulsory military drafts • Many raise time from 2  3 years Militarism

  6. Based on common . . . • ethnicity, interests, or disputes • Germ. + A-H = ethnicity • GB + FR = common enemy (Germ) • Why? • FEAR war! • War vs. one = war vs. all • War  loss of lives, material, destruction Alliance System

  7. War tensions in Balkans • 1908- A-H annexes B-H • Russia upset- violation of Treaty of Berlin • 1878- Serbia, Mont., Bulg.; B-H a protectorate of A-H • Harmful to Pan-Slavism • No outlet to sea • Germ. Backs A-H • FR/GB protest only • Russia - memories of fighting alone • Turkey receives $$ = NO WAR • 1912 = 1st Balkan War • 1913 = 2nd Balkan War • BOTH to help Serbia gain land & access to seaport The Powder Keg

  8. June, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand to Sarajevo (B-H) • GavriloPrincip (The Black Hand) shot AFF & wife •  diplomatic crisis • July, 1914: The Ultimatum • Austria to Serbia- let investigators to review evidence • If did not agree be war. • Serbia + Russia. • Austria + Germany  would declared war on Serbia • Serbia refused to accept terms • later agreed but Austria declared war anyway • August, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia and France • Schlieffen Plan = invasion of France through Belgium • Britain allied with France declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914. The Spark

  9. Memoir of Count Franz von Harrach As the car quickly reversed, a thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's mouth onto my right check.  As I was pulling out my handkerchief to wipe the blood away from his mouth, the Duchess cried out to him, "For God's sake!  What has happened to you?” At that she slid off the seat and lay on the floor of the car, with her face between his knees. I had no idea that she too was hit and thought she had simply fainted with fright.  Then I heard His Imperial Highness say, "Sophie, Sophie, don't die.  Stay alive for the children!” At that, I seized the Archduke by the collar of his uniform, to stop his head dropping forward and asked him if he was in great pain.  He answered me quite distinctly, "It is nothing!” His face began to twist somewhat but he went on repeating, six or seven times, ever more faintly as he gradually lost consciousness, "It's nothing!" Then came a brief pause followed by a convulsive rattle in his throat, caused by a loss of blood.  This ceased on arrival at the governor's residence. The two unconscious bodies were carried into the building where their death was soon established.

  10. EVENTS AND CAUSES OF WORLD WAR ONE MILITARY ‘ARMS RACE’ BEGINS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GERMANY. ARMIES INCREASE IN SIZE. 1888 - WILHELM II BECOMES KAISER. HIS AMBITIONS FOR GERMANY RAISE TENSIONS BETWEEN THE GREAT POWERS. FRENCH DESIRE FOR REVENGE – RECOVER ALSACE AND LORRAINE 1879-1907: FORMATION OF THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS: TRIPLE ALLIANCE: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. TRIPLE ENTENTE: France, Russia, Great Britain. 1871 - UNIFICATION OF GERMANY . DEFEAT OF FRANCE. NAVAL RACE 1906-1914; WILHELM’S AMBITIONS FOR EMPIRE THREATENS BRITAIN’S SECURITY JULY 1914 - ASSASSINATION AT SARAJEVO 1908-1914 - RIVALRY IN THE BALKANS BETWEEN SERBIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

  11. War Begins! The Outbreak of War

  12. Expectation? Quick war • US declares neutrality • Wilson- in both THOUGHT and DEED • Both sides seeks US support • GB- close ties, control of transatlantic cables + propoganda • Germ/A-H- sympathy of G-A immigrants, & Jewish, Irish • Most in US anti-German • CP = oppressive gov, autocracy, arrogance, ruthless in war • Want to stay out of war The War in Europe

  13. 9/14- First Battle of the Marne • Allie stop CP movement toward Paris • 10-11/14- Battle of Ypres • Allies stop German attack toward N. coast of France The Western Front

  14. Stalemate by 11/14 • Both sides DUG IN • From movement  static war. . .why? • Protection, defense from new tech., movement • Trenches + mines + barbed wire •  advantage? • U-boat attacks • Tanks • Chemical warfare (chlorine, mustard gas)  infantry attack • Flamethrowers • EXPECTATION of war vs. REALITY Trench Warfare

  15. Pvt. Patrick Eccles diary “And then the wind is continually biting into you, it’s awful being stuck in these trenches during the long, cold, harsh winter with nothing to do and nowhere to go. And if it wasn’t cold it was wet, my trench has recently been flooded, and it took a whole 6 days for the water to drain away! And as if having to live knee deep in water wasn’t enough, there’s trench feet. This is when your feet swell up to the size of footballs and hurt like mad. But I was a lucky one, I still have my feet, two other men in my company had theirs amputated - mind you they did get to go home. I wish I could, anything would be better than this suffering.” (http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-on-land/43-britain-allies/437-diary-life-trench.html,2012, The Western Front Association)

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  17. Machine guns, hand grenades, poison gas, tanks, airplanes • Tanks = British- built of steel (bullets bounced off)to clean through enemy lines and create path for infantry. • Planes – scouting, most shot at by tanks • Dogfights = battles b/t planes • Use pistols. • 1918, planes have machine guns, carry bomb loads. • Bomber forces develop by end of war. • Effects of new weapons = death, injuries in mass numbers, psychological impact

  18. @ first, war bad for econ. • Euros exchange US investments for gold • By 1915, econ. up via war orders from Allies • $169 mil to CP • $825 mil to Allies • Dynamite, submarines, copper wire & tubing, grains, fertilizer US Money

  19. British navy blockade using mines/ships across North Sea • Ships force US merchants into GB ports •  Germany launch submarine warfare • Sink GB or Allied ships • Issue? Rules of war don’t apply • Wilson – Germ held to “strict accountability” for any attack on US ships/citizens • Want trade without incident causing war Euro Response

  20. Baltic  Black Sea • Russians/Serbs vs. CP + Turks • Ill supplied Russians • 8/14- Tannenburg • Germ. Defeat of Russians near Baltic (Poland) • 8-9/14- Galicia • Russian victory! (Hungary-Polish border) The Eastern Front

  21. 4/15-1/16: GB attempt to take Dardanelles • Allied naval attack amphibious attack to take Constant., protect Russian sea port, connect Allied armies, liberate Balkans • Australian/NZ soldiers • Ottoman victory! • Allied FAILURE • Year long battle Gallipoli

  22. GB leaders vs. Ottomans • Arab nat’lists vs. Turks • Gen. Allenby, King Feisal (Arab), Col. T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia) • Jerusalem- 11/17 • Palestine (Israel)- 10/18 • Balfour Declaration • 1917- nation-state for Jewish population Middle East

  23. 2 – 7/16: Verdun • Attempt of Germans to outflank Allies, W. of Paris (Lorraine) • German FAILURE- bloodiest battle • 5/16: Jutland • German attempt to break GB blockade • Germany navy STUCK in N. Sea • German FAILURE • 7-11/16: Somme • GB looses 58k in first day • 1 mil. Injured, killed • Use of planes, first time tank used in battle • Battle CALLED OFF Other Battles

  24. Wilson plans for World Peace prior to entrance/victory • Col. House- to Euro. (1/17) • Germany rejects • Unrestricted submarine warfare • By 1915, 90 ships sunk in war zone •  US preparing for war CHANGES TO US RESPONSE

  25. The First Russian Revolution • Feb. Revolution 1917 (Kerensky) Czar OUT, Prov. Gov. IN! • The Second Russian Revolution • “October/Bolshevik Rev.”- Lenin, Trotsky (Stalin) • 1917-1921 = Russian CW • Reds win! • Russia OUT- T. of Brest-Litovsk (1918) Meanwhile, in Russia. . .

  26. A Strained Neutrality

  27. 5/7/15- Lusitania sunk by U-boat • 128 Americans dead • WJB demands reparations • G. cites arms/ammunition on board • WJB resigned- replaced by Robert Lansing Sinking of the Lusitania

  28. Turns US public opinion vs. G. • “There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight.” – Wilson • TR & war-mongers criticize Wilson Significance

  29. 8/15- Arabic sunk  2 Americans dead • G. won’t attack w/o warning • 3/16- Sussex sunk  4 Americans injured • Prelude to war = Wilson threat to break diplomatic relations • G response = agree to stop attacks IF US persuade Allies to lift blockade The Arabic & Sussex Pledge

  30. Nat’l Defense Act (1916) • Expanded army from 90k – 175k, then 223k • Revenue Acts (1916/1917) • Increase taxes on high incomes • Pre-war $ = 75% from excise taxes/tariffs • War/post-war $ = 75% from income, estate/excess profits taxes, corporations • 1916- 500k+ = 2%, 1.5m+ = 15% • 1917- 40k+= 16%, 1.5+= 67% Preparedness, con.

  31. Wilson dominated by Dems • “He kept us out of war.” • Repub. + Bull Moose Progs: • Want to nominated TR, but he refused  death of Prog. Party • Standpatters look to Charles Evans Hughes (SC Justice) • Argue vs. lower tariffs, assault on trusts, Wilson’s failure to act vs. Mexico or Germany • Result: VERY CLOSE victory for Wilson • EC: 277 - 254 • Pop: 9.1 m – 8.5 m • “Peace without victory” speech (1917) • Must have a negotiated peace without victory • “Victory would mean peace forced upon the loser, a  victor’s terms imposed upon the vanquished. It would be accepted in humiliation, under duress, at an intolerable sacrifice.” Election of 1916

  32. Jan. 1917- Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare • “Freedom of the seas will now be enjoyed by icebergs and fish.” –Brooklyn Eagle • German hope is to provoke US • Feb, 1917- Wilson ends dip. Relations w/ German. Waits for an OVERT attack. Also, wants to arm merchant ships, Senate blocks • Midwest isolationist sentiment • March, 1917- The Zimmerman Note is revealed • Intercepted by GB, published in US • Proposed alliance b/t Germany & Mexico  Mexico reclaiming land in TX, NM, AZ • 4 US ships sunk by U-boats in March CLOSER TO WAR

  33. We intend to begin on the 1st of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace. Signed, Zimmermann.

  34. 4/2/17- Wilson asks for declaration of war • 4/6/17- War declared! US ENTRY

  35. Idealism  Inspiration to fight • Much focus on aroused passion & voluntary compliance than formal laws • Contrast of “selfish” Euro war aims to “altruistic” US • Not for $$, territory • Help shape int’l order where democ. would flourish • U.S. a world model Wilsonian Idealism

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