Energy Efficiency Design Index – An Update

1. Energy Efficiency Design Index – An Update Dr Zabi Bazari Ship Energy Services Manager Lloyd’s Register, London, UK. zabi.bazari@lr.org RINA Lecture, 2 February 2012, London, UK.

2. Content • Introduction • EEDI formula and Attained EEDI • Reference lines and Required EEDI • EEDI verification • IMO workplan and outcome of January 2012 meeting • Likely impacts • Conclusions

3. Introduction

4. IMO initiatives for GHG emissions control MBMs Owners / Charterers Ship owner / operator IMO Initiatives SEEMP EEDI EEOI Shipyard • Regulatory status: • EEDI / SEEMP: Mandatory from 1st January 2013 • EEOI: Voluntary • MBMs: Early discussions

5. New Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VI IMO MEPC 62 in July 2011 agreed to a new Chapter 4 in MARPOL Annex VI entitled “Regulations on Energy Efficiency of Ships”. This includes addition of new Regulations 19 to 23 Regulation 19 is on Application domain of Chapter 4 Regulations 20 is on “Attained EEDI” Regulations 21 is on “Required EEDI” Regulation 22 is on SEEMP Regulation 23 is on “Technical co-operation and technology transfer” There are quite a number of Guidelines in support of the above regulations.

6. Attained EEDI and Required EEDI

7. Attained EEDI: Calculation formula (MEPC Circ.681) Main Engine Aux Engine (s) Innovative Energy Eff. Power Gen. Technologies Innovative Energy Eff. Prop. Technologies EEDI = fc. [gCO2/(tonne.nm)] Boilers are excluded from EEDI!

8. EEDI parameters Ice class factor Shaft Motor Waste Heat Energy Saving EEDI = fc Main power: PME=0.75MCR Wave factor Capacity factor Carbon factor Auxiliary power: PME >=10000KW： PAE＝0.025Me＋250 PME < 10000KW： PAE＝0.05Me Capacity: DWT: Bulk carriers,Containers, Tankers,Gascarriers,cargoships,etc. GTR:Passenger Ship Attained Speed [gCO2/(tonne.nm)]

9. Reference lines Reference lines are ship specific. They are part of Regulation 22 (in equation form). All new ship types, for inclusion in regulation, require a new reference line.

10. Linear range Reference Line Cut Off Required EEDI • Required EEDI: The regulatory limit for EEDI. • Required EEDI = (1 – X/100)*Reference Value • Where: • X is the Reduction Rate. • Reference Value is calculated fromReference Line. Attained EEDI ≤ Required EEDI

11. Implementation stages and reduction rates • EEDI implementation phases are: • Phase 0 2013 – 2014 • Phase 1 2015 – 2019 • Phase 2 2020 – 2024 • Phase 3 2025 – …… • Reduction rate for the above phases are as in diagram.

12. Ship types subject of current EEDI regulations * excluding ships with diesel-electric, turbine or hybrid propulsion

13. EEDI Verification process Shipowner Shipbuilder Verifier Pre-Verification Basic Design , Tank Test*, EEDI Calculation Development of EEDI Technical File Application for EEDI pre-verification Submission of EEDI Technical File Verification: - EEDI Technical File - additional information Issuance of Statement of Compliance Submission of additional information Final Verification Start of ship construction Application for EEDI verification Verification: - sea trial condition - ship speed - revised EEDI Technical File Issuance of IEEC (International Energy efficiency Certificate) Sea Trial Modification and Resubmission of EEDI Technical File Delivery of ship * To be conducted by a test organisation or a shipbuilder itself.

14. Major aspects of verification Verification of speed-power curve for Vref: Tank test observation Speed trial observation Scaling method from “trial conditions” to “EEDI conditions” Correction for environmental conditions. Verification of “energy saving technologies” Availability factors (feff) Power levels Verification of various correction factors: Ice-class (fj) Weather factor (fw) Design capacity factor (fi) Cubic capacity factor (fc)

15. Some other major verification challenges • Exact model? • Numerical tools for calculation, scaling, pre-verification, etc.? • Shipyards’ and tank test facilities’ proprietary data? • Uncertainly levels and if there is a need for formal uncertainty analysis? • How to ensure consistency amongst various organisations: • ROs • Shipyards • Tank test organisations

16. List of the EEDI-related Guidelines Guideline for calculation of EEDI Guidelines for survey and verification of EEDI Guidelines for minimum power of ship for safe operation. Guidelines for validation of ship electric power table (EPT). Guidelines for verification of innovative technologies

17. EEDI Reduction Methods

18. EEDI reduction methods MEPC60/4/35 Japan, Norway, US Baseline Average EEDI of current ships (no effort for efficiency improvement) (1) DWT enlargement EEDI Reduction rate (2) Speed reduction (3) Application of new technology A: efficiency improvement Efficiency improvement by design change DWT • Capacity (deadweight) increase • Advanced technologies: • Existing/proven technologies • Emerging technologies • Renewable energy technologies • Alternative fuels: • LNG • Speed reduction

19. EEDI reduction likely options – Average VLCC

20. IMO GHG Future Work Plan

21. Work still to be done by the IMO

22. Progress in Inter-sessional WG meeting (9-13 January 2012)

23. Changes to EEDI formula • Cubic Capacity Factors for Chemical Tankers (fc): • Based on the ratio of summer deadweight to volumetric capacity (R) • To be calculated according to the formula fc = R^(-0.7) – 0.014, where fc = 1 when R = 0.98 • Cubic Capacity Factor for LNG (fc) • To be calculated from Fc = R^(-0.56) • Design Capacity Factor for Voluntary Structural Enhancement (fiVSE). • Design Capacity Correction Factor for ships built to Common Structural Rules (fiCSR).

24. New guidelines, non-conventional ships, etc • New guidelines for verification of innovative technologies: • Japan presented draft guidelines • Dealing with wind, solar, heat recovery, etc. • For each of the above technologies, there will be guidelines for calculation and verification. • EEDI for Non-Conventional Ships • Reference line for cruise ships • Reference line for RoRo ships • Reference line for RoPax ships • Shaft generator: • Incorporation of a new formulation for shaft generator. • Also, cases where propulsion shaft power is limited and can be verified, there will be no need to use main engine power.

25. Impact of EEDI on Industry

26. Likely impacts More energy efficient ships and ship technologies Slower speed ships More use of alternative fuels More expensive ships/marine transport (excluding fuel) More optimised and complex designs with likely impacts on: Reliability/safety Maintainability Likely modal shift of freight transport to land and air EEDI will become commercially sensitive if used for: Existing ships Fuel efficiency-based chartering Reward-based marine MBMs or financial incentives

27. Concluding Remarks The EEDI regulations are now in place and will come into force from 1st January 2013. A number of guidelines are under development and will be finalised in 2012 in support of the above. Verification of EEDI pauses a number of major issues. There are a number of solutions to reduce EEDI including alternative fuels, alternative technologies and reduced ship speed. The EEDI impacts on shipping economics, safety and transportation competitiveness are still being investigated. Overall, it is anticipated that the EEDI will have a big impact on future of shipping industry.

28. Any questions?