The 1860 Presidential Election in Missouri

1. The 1860 Presidential Electionin Missouri

2. Road map • The 1860 election in Missouri: teaching opportunities • The European Context • A diverse state: no easy conclusions • Missouri splits the nation in half • Comparisons that work: • Missouri Democrats: moderate, war, peace, copperhead, “States-Rights,” conservative Germans …. • Missouri Republicans: radicals, moderates, former Whigs, anti-Catholic Nativists, German wide-awakes, … • The Election: national contest, local politics

3. Europe, 1848

4. Berlin Uprising, 1848

5. The crisis of democratic revolutions: the “forty-eighters” • Unrest throughout Europe caused the Revolutions of 1848 • Middle-class liberals desired greater political participation • Nationalities demanded independence • Conservatives manage to put down rebellions, remain in place; punitive aftermath

6. Missouri: A Diverse People Before statehood: French, Spanish, Native American residents, as well as Indian and African slaves • 1830s: German Catholics from the wine regions • 1840s: radical Germans fleeing from political oppression • 1840s: Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and famine • About 114,000 slaves • Opposing viewpoints; two thirds were foreign-born

7. Augusta Herrmann Ozark Highlands Ozark Mountain Southeastern Missouri Central Missouri Western Missouri Germans in Missouri: wine regions

8. Americans move to Missouri • Settlers from the upper south: Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Tennessee • Pro-slavery (though most did not own slaves) • Democrats

9. The Missouri Compromise

10. 1824 Freedom Law • Provided that slaves who had resided in a free territory or state could sue for their liberty • About 300 known suits; at least 2/3 were successful • Most of the successful suits were brought by female plaintiffs • Rachel v. Walker, 1834 • Dred and Harriet Scott, 1846 - 1857

11. Missouri before the war

12. Slavery in Missouri, 1860

13. German Wide-Awakes, 1856

14. The Scott family sues for freedom 1846 - 1857

15. Trouble on the Western Border

16. Bank run, 1857 The price of peanuts Panic of 1857

17. John Brown, 1800 - 1859

18. Harper’s Ferry, October 16-18, 1859

19. The Gateway: St. Louis in 1859

20. The Prize: The St. Louis Arsenal,1860

21. John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois Democratic Nominees

22. Constitutional Union Party • John Bell, Tennessee

23. Charleston, SC, April 23, 1860 Baltimore, MD, June 18, 1860 Political Convention Debacle: The Democrats storm out – across the street in Charleston

24. A few Republican Nominees: May 1860, Chicago clockwise: Simon Cameron, Salmon P. Chase, Wm. Henry Seward

25. Edward Bates, MO Abraham Lincoln, IL … and a few more Republican nominees

26. Election politics: section and race

27. 1860 cartoon lampooning Democrat party divisions

28. The Democrats were divided into 3 races and 2 parties • The Republicans supported Lincoln because: • He was moderate on slavery • Famed for Lincoln-Douglas debates • Would win Illinois (Western state, important swing state) • The main issue in 1860: the extension of slavery • Lincoln and Republicans barely campaign in the South; do not appear on any southern ballots except border states • Missouri is the only state in the Union to carry all 4 candidates in its slate

29. 1860: Two momentous decisions for Missouri • The Governorship: Claiborne Jackson vs. Gov. Robert Stewart (August 1860) – CFJ was a “Douglas” Democrat, secretly pro-secession • The Presidency: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, and John Bell (November 1860)

30. Governor Claiborne F. Jackson1805 - 1862 • Runs against Sample Orr, a Constitutional Union candidate • … and against Gov. Hancock Lee Jackson, a Breckenridge Democrat • … and also against James Gardenhire, a Republican

31. Missouri 1860 gubernatorial results • Claiborne Fox Jackson (SAD): 46.9 % • Sample Orr (CU): 41.9 % • Hancock Lee Jackson: (BD) 7.2 % • James Gardenhire: (Rep.) 3.8 %

32. Presidential Running mates

33. 1860 Presidential Electionin Missouri Counties

34. 1860 Presidential election results in Missouri, by county

36. 1860 Election Results • Bell wins three states (Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee) • Breckenridge carried the South • Lincoln carried the Northern states and won theelectoral vote, though earning less than 40% of all votes cast: Douglas won two states • On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union

39. Causes of the Civil War

40. The Unfinished Capitol, 1861

41. James Buchanan, 1791 - 1868

43. Inaugural, March 4, 1861 In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."34  I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

44. Camp Jackson • "Oh! Oh! Oh! Ah! Ah! Ah!—The time of our glory is a-coming. • We yet will see the time, when all of us will shine, • And drive the Hessians from our happy land of Canaan."

45. Walnut Street riot, 1861

46. Two paths to radicalism:Politics and the Home Front • Loyalty Oaths • Forced enrollments • Punitive fines • Exiling dissidents • Democrats: what about a loyal opposition? • The radicals have the floor! • Women have to take over men’s work at home • Dissident women are silenced or exiled • New opportunities for a diverse people