Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 The Latin West 1200-1500

2. I. Rural Growth and Crisis • Peasants and Population • Rural Life • Most Western Europeans were serfs • Obliged to work land of large estates • Long hours • Half of labor went to the lord of the land • Serfs not motivated to improve farming practices

3. I. Rural Growth and Crisis 2. Housing • Serfs lived in small one room cottages - Thatched roofs - Little furniture - No luxuries • Stark contrast to the manor house of the lord

4. I. Rural Growth and Crisis • Gender • Men and women worked fields • Equality in labor did not lead to equality in decision making • Women were subordinate to men

5. I. Rural Growth and Crisis • Population Growth • Europe’s population doubled between 1100 and 1345 • Traditionally half of land remained fallow, or unplanted • Three-field system - Grew crops on 2/3 of land - Planted the third field in oats • Oats restored nitrogen, and fertility, to the land • Increased output of Europe’s farms • Horses began to replace oxen as plow animals - Faster, but more expensive

6. Read: Trade and Towns Answer Questions on a separate sheet of paper

7. Warm Up: How did the growth of population between 1100-1350 impact Europe?

8. How did you purchase goods in Medieval Europe?

9. II. Urban Revival • Trading Cities • Trade Centers • Constantinople - Connected Europe to the Silk Road • Venice - Brought goods from Middle East to Italy • Flanders - Traded manufactured goods (textiles)

10. II. Urban Revival • Mines and Mills • Mechanical devices began to aid production • Mills powered by water or wind were used to: - Grind grain into flour - Saw logs into lumber - Crush olives - Tan leather - Make paper

11. Water and Wind Mills

12. II. Urban Revival 3. Iron Making • New technology led to the expansion of iron making • Stamping mills broke up iron • trip hammers pounded it • Bellows (1323) raised temperature of the forge • Blast furnaces developed in 1380

13. II. Urban Revival 4. Iron Mining • Mining expanded to increase demand for iron • Techniques for deep mining developed • Led to development of new cities and towns

14. II. Urban Revival 5. Effects of technology • Dams and canals for mills • Quarry pits • Pollution • Increased deforestation

15. II. Urban Revival B. Gothic Cathedrals • Competition • Growing cities tried to outdo one another • Gothic Cathedrals • First build in France in about 1140

16. II. Urban Revival 2. Characteristics • pointed Gothic (vaulted) arch - Replaced traditional Roman rounded arch • External (flying) buttresses - Stabilized high walls - Allowed builders to build taller cathedrals • Stained glass

17. Gothic (vaulted) arch

18. External (flying) buttresses

19. Stained Glass

20. Cathedrals Notre Dame – Paris, France Koln Cathedral - Cologne, Germany

21. How was trade carried out in the Middle Ages?

22. Read: Commercial Revolution Answer Questions

23. Count off by 3

24. Everyone who was a #2 put your head down.

25. Imagine, if all the people who have there heads down, are dead The plague killed 1/3 of the population of Europe

26. What would you do if you knew that there was a 1 in 3 chance you were going to get sick and die in the next few months?

27. III. The Black Death and Social Change • The Plague • Arrival • The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) arrived in Europe in 1346 • Spread from Asia • Struck Mongol armies attacking city of Kaffa on the Black Sea • Genoese traders took the disease back to Italy • During the next to years the disease spread along trade routes of Europe

29. III. The Black Death and Social Change 2. Symptoms • Boils the size of eggs in groin and armpits • Black blotches on skin • Foul body odor • Severe pain

30. III. The Black Death and Social Change 3. Reaction • People had no way to stop the disease. • Some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures. • Some plunged into wild pleasure, believing they would die soon anyways • Some say plague as God’s punishment - whipped themselves to show that they had repented their sins • blamed Jews for poisoning wells - thousands of Jews were slaughtered

31. III. The Black Death and Social Change 4. Economic Effects • Workers and employers died • Production declined • Survivors demanded higher wages • Laws passed to limit wages • Peasants and artisans saw laws as plots by the rich, started revolts - unsuccessful

32. III. The Black Death and Social Change 5. Social Effects • Serfdom disappears in Western Europe - Serfs bought their freedom or ran away • Landowners grew less labor intensive crops - Increased use of draft animals, laborsaving tools • Plague did not effect animals, more meat was available for survivors - Welfare of the peasants increased • People fled manors to the towns • Guilds tried to limited new members

33. Warm Up: What were the effects of the Black Plague on Europe?

34. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change • Universities and Learning • Effects of Arab Conquests • Arab Conquest of Byzantine lands led to many Greek and Arabic manuscripts to travel west • Translated into Latin - Philosophical works by Plato and Aristotle • Ancient Greek writings on medicine, mathematics, geography • Muslim writings on science and philosophy

35. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 2. Development of Universities • From 1300-1500, number of universities in Europe grew from 20 to 60. • Teachers formed guilds to train professors, set professional standards • Universities set curriculum for study (apprenticeship) • Instituted final examinations for degrees - Students who passed exams received a teaching “license” - Students who completed longer training and successfully defended there scholarly work became “masters” or “doctors”

36. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change • Curriculum • Universities generally specialized in a particular branch of learning; • Bologna was famous for its law faculty, • others for medicine or theology. • Theology was the most prominent discipline of the period • theologians sought to synthesize the rational philosophy of the Greeks with the Christian faith • intellectual movement known as scholasticism.

37. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change • Humanists and Printers • Dante and Chaucer • Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400) were among the great writers of the later Middle Ages. • Dante’s Divine Comedy tells the story of the journey through the nine layers of Hell and his entry into Paradise, • Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is a rich portrayal of the lives of everyday people in late medieval England.

38. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 2. Humanism • An interest in classical Greek and Roman learning • Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and ethics • Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) father of Humanism • Renaissance- rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman knowledge

39. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 3. Influence of Humanism • Curriculum became core of University education • Ancient Greek and Rome became model • Not the Bible • New translations of the Bible

40. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 4. Printing • Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press (1450’s). • Use of individual metal letters rather than carved wood blocks. • Made printing faster, cheaper • More reading material available to the public

41. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 5. Effects of Printing • New ideas spread faster • Books can reach wider audiences • Bible translated into vernacular • Lessoned the dependence on the clergy - people could consult, interpret the Bible for themselves. • Broke churches monopoly on religious information

42. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change C. Renaissance Artist 1. Subject Matter • Shift in subject of art, away from strictly religious art, and portraits of nobles • Many artist began to portray Greek and Roman subjects • scenes of daily life

43. IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 2. Style • Naturalism • Individualism • Realism