Warm-up 4 (9-30)

2. Warm-up 4 (9-30) The Federalist Papers were written to encourage a. The adoption of the Bill of Rights. b. The ratification of the Constitution. c. Delegates in Philadelphia to write a new constitution. d. States to send delegates to the Philadelphia Convention.

3. Basis for new government • Federalism: sharing of power between federal and state governments • Constitution would be supreme law of the land • Republic: governed by representation of people’s will • Limited government: only had powers granted to it by the Constitution • Three branches with ability to check each other

6. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists • Debate between Federalists like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison “Father of Constitution” who supported ratification, strong central government, loose interpretation of Constitution (implied powers) • Antifederalists like Jefferson who supported strong states’ rights, strict interpretation (Republicans) • Important to many was protection of people against abuse by government • Several states refused to ratify until a Bill of Rights was included

7. Federalist Papers • Essays written by Hamilton, Madison, & John Jay to help persuade New York to ratify the Constitution • Eased the fear of one faction becoming too powerful in government • Faction: group of people bound by a common belief/cause (Federalists, Antifederalists) led to political parties (Republican and Federalist) • Federalist view won out, but Antifederalists secured a Bill of Rights • Constitution was ratified by 9 of 13 states on June 21, 1788, went into effect in 1789

8. The Debate Federalists Anti-Federalists • If men were angels, no government would be necessary… You must first enable the government to control the governed..” - James Madison, Federalist Papers “Number 51” • “The prosperity of America depend[s] on the Union. To preserve and perpetuate [maintain] it was the great object of the. . . . plan which the convention has advised [the people] to adopt. . . . “- Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Papers “Number 45” • “I will now tell you what I do no not like. First, [there is no] bill of rights. . . A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth. . . .” - Thomas Jefferson, December 20, 1787 • “This Constitution is said to have beautiful features; but when I come to examine these features, Sir, they appear to me horribly frightful…Your President may easily become King…” - Patrick Henry, “Shall Liberty or Empire be sought” • “Without a Bill of Rights, you will exhibit the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the world saw a government - Patrick Henry

11. Bill of Rights • Sponsored by James Madison in 1789, went into effect 1791 • First 10 amendments to Constitution • Purpose: to protect civil liberties

18. George Washington • Was unanimously elected as first president by delegates and served in both 1789 and 1792 • John Adams is elected as the 1st Vice President • Appointed several trusted men to serve in his cabinet (heads of departments who serve as the president’s key advisors): Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State), Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury), Henry Knox (Secretary of War). • Washington would go on to set many presidential precedents.

22. Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Take on state debts incurred from war • To raise revenue wanted to tax whiskey • Argued this would also demonstrate power of the federal government • Supported tariffs (taxes on imports) to raise money and protect U.S. businesses from foreign competition • Proposed establishing a national bank (implied power)

23. Opponents • Thomas Jefferson argued the federal government was not given power to open national bank (strict interpretation) • Southerners were against tariffs because it would raise prices and lessen competition • They also feared other countries would respond with tariffs of their own • Many feared the government intended to support the wealthy few

24. Whiskey Rebellion • Tax on whiskey very unpopular in Penn, MD, VA, and NC with farmers who earned a living producing whiskey • Protest resulted in Whiskey Rebellion when farmers in Penn refused to pay the tax and resorted to violence • Washington showed the power of the federal government by sending in troops to halt the armed protest

26. Proclamation of Neutrality • Great Britain and France were once again at war • Washington recognized the U.S. could not afford to take sides • As a result, the United States’ ability to trade on the high seas was affected

27. Political Parties • Played major role in 1796 presidential election • John Adams (Federalist) received most votes and was elected 2nd president • According to Constitution, individual receiving second highest votes became vice president • Thomas Jefferson won, and had very different views from Adams

32. Adams Administration • XYZ Affair: unsuccessful attempt to improve U.S./French relations, caused U.S. to build up its military • Alien Act: allowed government to arrest, detain, or remove foreigners deemed untrustworthy • Sedition Act: severely limited free speech

33. Jeffersonian Republicans • Jefferson and Madison saw the alien and sedition acts as abuses of power • Adopted resolution doctrine of nullification which stated that states can nullify a national law that they believe violates the Constitution • States’ rights became highly debated leading up to the Civil War

34. Election of 1800 • Adams v. Jefferson/Federalists v. Republicans • Republicans accused Federalist Adams of wanting to be a king • Federalists proclaimed Jefferson of being an anarchist (against any government) • Electoral college voted on Jefferson and Aaron Burr (both Republican) ending in a tie • House of Rep. had to decide • Hamilton (a Federalist who disagreed with Jefferson’s politics) supported Jefferson making him the 3rd president (only because he hated Burr) • Burr never forgave Hamilton and ended up shooting and killing him in a duel