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SOLIDS: Strain is related to stress. For Hookean or linear elastic solids σ =E ε , where

SOLIDS: Strain is related to stress. For Hookean or linear elastic solids σ =E ε , where ε is strain E is Young’s modulus σ is stress (force/area). FLUIDS: Strain rate is related to shear stress. For Newtonian fluids τ = μ du/dy , where τ is shear stress, μ is viscosity

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SOLIDS: Strain is related to stress. For Hookean or linear elastic solids σ =E ε , where

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  1. SOLIDS: Strain is related to stress. For Hookean or linear elastic solids σ=Eε, where ε is strain E is Young’s modulus σ is stress (force/area) FLUIDS: Strain rate is related to shear stress. For Newtonian fluids τ = μ du/dy, where τ is shear stress, μ is viscosity du/dy is velocity gradient

  2. Viscosity behavior of fluids Newtonian. Shear thickening. Shear thinning. Thixotropic. Bingham plastic Magnetorheological fluid

  3. EQUATIONS Momentum Continuity

  4. BERNOULLI EQUATION

  5. Dimensionless quantities Reynolds Re LV/νInertial force/viscous force Rossby Ro V/(2LΩsin θ) Inertial force/Coriolis force [Drag coefficient] Cd (ρ’-ρ)Lg/(ρ’V2)Drag force/inertial force

  6. Oceanography Meteorology Aeronautics Biomedical fluid mechanics Convective heat transfer Turbulence Acoustics Powerless pump Other. . .

  7. Oceanography

  8. Meteorology

  9. Biomedical fluids

  10. Aeronautics

  11. Turbulence

  12. Water delivery

  13. Acoustics

  14. RECORD FUEL PRICES PLACE STRESS ON OCEAN SHIPPING May 2, 2008 Shipping lines worldwide are struggling as crude oil prices topped an unprecedented US$119 per barrel this week, in turn pushing marine bunker fuel prices up past $552 per ton – a $26 per ton increase since the end of March alone. Bunker prices have risen 87% since the beginning of 2007. Fuel costs represent as much as 50-60% of total ship operating costs, depending on the type of ship and service. . . . With the cost of bunker fuel at $552 per ton, with fuel consumption at 217 tons per day, and a 14 day voyage, a single round trip voyage for this one vessel would produce a fuel bill of $3,353,952.

  15. SkySails flies 100-500m above sea surface Generates about 1.5 hp/m2 Largest offering 5000 m2 Estimated fuel saving Rotterdam/NY 27%

  16. Convective cooling

  17. Engines

  18. Water jet cutter with injected abrasive (40K psi)

  19. Power generation from ocean waves

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