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WIND ENERGY

WIND ENERGY. www.nrel.gov. CH 410 Summer 2009 Joe Musgrave and Ted Walker. HOW IT WORKS. Wind is a form of Solar energy Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface and rotation of the Earth Wind Turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind to mechanical power

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WIND ENERGY

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  1. WIND ENERGY www.nrel.gov CH 410 Summer 2009 Joe Musgrave and Ted Walker

  2. HOW IT WORKS Wind is a form of Solar energy Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface and rotation of the Earth Wind Turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind to mechanical power A generator can convert the mechanical power into electricity www1.eere.energy.gov

  3. How it works cont. • A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan • The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, • Which connects to a generator and makes electricity. www1.eere.energy.gov

  4. The Parts • Anemometer • -measures the wind speed • Blades • -most turbines have 2 or 3. Wind blowing • over the blades causes the blades to lift and • rotate • Brake • -A disc brake can be used to stop the • rotor in emergencies www1.eere.energy.gov

  5. The Parts • Controller • -The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55 mph because they might be damaged by the high winds. • Gear box • Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear • boxes. www1.eere.energy.gov

  6. The Parts • Generator • -Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60-cycle AC electricity.Gear box • Low-speed shaft • -The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute. • Nacelle • -The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on. www1.eere.energy.gov

  7. The Parts • Pitch • -Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity. • Rotor • -The blades and the hub together are called the rotor. • Tower • -Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. • . www1.eere.energy.gov

  8. The Parts • Wind direction • This is an "upwind" turbine, so-called because it operates facing into the wind. Other turbines are designed to run "downwind," facing away from the wind • Wind vane: • Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind. • Yaw drive: • Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive, the wind blows the rotor downwind. • Yaw motor: • Powers the yaw drive. www1.eere.energy.gov

  9. Where Wind is Headed • Developments and investments in wind energy • High Altitude Wind – Hotspots 4 miles high • D.I.Y. Wind Power www.peternjenga.com

  10. Investment - Throwing Money into the Wind • The British Wind Energy Association predicts wind to overtake nuclear in U.K. in the next decade. • 9 GW of electricity from offshore wind farms by 2015 in U.K. www.finfacts.com www.bwea.com

  11. Investment – cont. • China expects wind output to exceed nuclear by 2020. • Currently has 12 GW of capacity. Plans to increase capacity by 20% per year. • Has targeted goal of 100 GW from wind by 2020. images.businessweek.com eetd.lbl.gov

  12. In 2008, a 27 GW increase in wind capacity was achieved moving total global wind capacity above 120 GW. • U.S. and China account for over 50% of 2008 growth with additional 8 GW and 6 GW of new capacity. www.wwindea.org

  13. www.eia.doe.gov www.eia.doe.gov Electricity generated from wind has increased from 0.1% in 1997 to 1.5% in 2008. www.eia.doe.gov

  14. High Altitude Wind Power http://www.skywindpower.com/ww/Aust-test.htm

  15. Why High Altitude The amount of power a wind turbine can generate is expressed by the function: Wind Power Density = ½ pV3 p = wind density V = wind speed (The wind blows faster = more power even though air is less dense higher up) • Each hemisphere has 2 jet streams – the polar jet stream and the sub-tropical jet stream The jet streams provide consistent, strong and abundant winds Energy available in the jet stream is roughly 100 times the global demand

  16. Making High Altitude Wind into Sea Level Energy • Flying Electric Generators • Kite Generators http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-06/ http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/2/307/

  17. Flying Electric Generators • Designed to be High Altitude ~ 6 miles closer to the jet stream • 2 to 4 rotors, used for both lift and power generation, mounted to a lightweight airframe • Would need to be tethered to ground for power collection and control. http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2005-11/windmills-sky

  18. Kite Generators - Part 1 • Power is generated as the kite is pulled and released. • Tethered to a ground based generator. • Additional power can be obtained by capturing the rotational forces of the kite as well http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_wind_turbine

  19. Kite Generators – Part 2 • Again, kites are tethered to a land based generator, pulled and released resulting in energy gain. • Rotational energy is captured by carousel turned by kites. • Kite generators are designed to operate about ½ mile high. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/2/307

  20. High Altitude Hot Spots • Using wind data from 1979 – 2006, wind hotspots have been found ~ 6 miles high over Tokyo, Seoul, New York City and Sydney • To date, there has been no long term testing or prototype to provide information on cost and/or power generated. • Sky Windpower Corp. and KiteGen are developing the technologies. http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/2/307/ X = Wind Power Density (kW/m2) (0-20) Y= Elevation in km above ground (0-12)

  21. Fun With WindD.I.Y. Links to design, plan and build your own wind generator. Hugh Piggiott has compiled an extraordinary amount of useful information if you plan to build your own wind generator. http://www.scoraigwind.com/ www.inhabitat.com William Kamkwamba – built his family a wind generator from old bicycles and other spare parts at the age of 15.

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