Evolution

1. Evolution Chapter 15 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

2. 15-1 The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity • Biological Diversity- variety of living things. • Evolutionary Theory- a collection of scientific facts, observations & hypotheses; it can explain the diversity of life on Earth. • Evolution- change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. • Scientific Theory- a well supported testable explanation of natural events; supported by evidence & can be tested with new evidence.

3. Charles Darwin • Contributed more than any other scientist to our understanding of evolution. • Voyage of the Beagle- sailed around the world stopping at the Galapagos Islands. • He made observations & collected evidence. • He noticed many plants & animals were well suited to their environment. • He collected fossils- preserved remains of ancient organisms. • He collected many different species he had never seen before.

4. Evolution- Contributing Scientist Timeline

5. Galapagos Islands • Islands west of South America that are close together but have very different climates. • Darwin studied shell shape of the many different tortoises. • He discovered many similar but different birds that turned out to be finches. • Each species of finch had a different shaped beak which was a structural adaptation. • Darwin felt the animals on all the different islands once came from the same species or common ancestry.

6. Voyage of the USS Beagle

7. 15-2 Ideas that shaped Darwin’s Thinking • He felt that many would find his ideas too shocking to accept. • He began to put all of his work on paper. • Several scientists influenced Darwin: • Hutton • Lyell • Lamarck • Malthus

8. 15-3 Darwin’s Case • He was reluctant to publish his ideas because they were so radical. • He was disturbed by his own findings which challenged fundamental scientific beliefs. • When he heard a scientist name Wallace had the same idea as his, Darwin published his work.

9. Darwin Published his Book • On the Origin of Species –1859. • The book provided evidence that evolution has occurred. • His theory on how evolution comes about was based on artificial selection. • He believed that natural selection occurs in nature.

10. Artificial & Natural Selection Artificial Selection • Animal breeders select for breeding only animals with the desired traits. Ex. Crops, livestock & horses. Natural Selection • Individuals differ & some of the differences can be passed on to their offspring. • More offspring are produced than can survive or reproduce. • Individuals best suited to their environment survive & reproduce most successfully. Ex. run fast, outsmart with behavioral tactics.

11. Artificial Selection= Man Made

12. Survival of the Fittest • Animals prey on other animals. Some die and some survive. • Fitness- the ability to survive & reproduce in a specific environment. • Only the fittest organisms pass on their traits, thus the species change over time. • Adaptation- an inherited characteristic that can be physical or behavioral.

13. Pesticide-Resistant Insects= Modeling Adaptations

14. Principle of Common Descent • All species come from common ancestors. • It links all organisms on Earth into a single tree of life. Ex. Tigers-panthers-cheetahs, felines-horses-dogs-bats, mammals-birds-alligators-fish.

15. Genetic Evidence of Commn Decent

16. 4 Types of Evidence to Support Evolution 1. Fossil record- comparing fossils from older & younger rock layers documents the fact that evolution has occurred; it is a detailed record of evolution. Pg. 382,15-13 2. Geographical distribution of living species- the presence of similar environments suggests natural selection. Ex.-the finches could have descended from common ancestors on the mainland. Pg. 383, 15-14

17. 4 Types of Evidence to Support Evolution 3. Homologous structures of living organisms- they have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues. Bone structure is the same but they look different. All are adapted to survive in different environments. Ex. Legs, wings, fins. Pg 384, 15-15 • Vestigial organs- some homologous structures no longer serve important functions in descendants. Their size is reduces.

18. Homologous Structures

19. 4 Types of Evidence to Support Evolution 4. Similarities in early development, or embryology- early stages, or embryos, of many animals are verysimilar. Pg. 385, 15-17

20. Evolution Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations

21. Definitions You need to know • Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism: EX: genes coding for blue eyes of genes coding for brown eyes • Phenotype: The physical appearance coded for by the genotype- EX: Do you have blue eyes or brown eyes? • Allele: The different forms of genes that code for different traits

22. 16-1 Genes & Variations What we already know: • Traits are controlled by genes. • Many genes have at least 2 forms (or alleles). • Individuals of all species are heterozygous (meaning they carry genes for trait they don’t show) for many genes.

23. Living Things have 2 copies of every chromosome- One from the female parent and one from the male parent

24. Figure 14.3 Alleles, alternative versions of a gene

25. Different Alleles code for Different Phenotypes (physical appearances)

26. Genetic Variation • Studied in populations • Population- a group of individuals of the same species that interbreed; share a common group of genes. • Gene Pool- results from interbreeding in populations; it’s all the genes that are present in a population; contains 2 or more alleles (forms) for each inheritable trait. • Relative Frequency- the # of times the allele (trait) occurs in a gene pool, compared with the # of times other alleles (traits) for the same gene occur; it’s often a %.Pg. 394, 16-2 Ex. An allele makes up ¼ of population’s allele for a given trait. The relative frequency is 25%. • In genetic terms, evolution is any change in the relative frequency of alleles (or traits) in a population.

27. 2 Main Sources of Genetic Variation • Mutations • Gene Shuffling • Occurs during gamete (egg & sperm) production; results in many different combinations. • Compare populations gene pool to a deck of cards. Shuffle & you get a different hand each time but it never changes the # of kings, aces, etc. The traits are still there, the # of times they appear just changes.

28. Polygenic Trait • Can have many possible genotypes (gene combinations), producing many possible phenotypes (physical appearances). • Controlled by 2 or more genes, each may have more than one allele (or form). Ex. Height. • Bell Shaped Curve Pg. 396, 16-4 • How phenotypes are expressed. • Most people are in the middle of the curve

29. Polygenic Traits result in many different phenotypes (appearances)

30. Polygenic Trait= Bell Shaped Curve

31. 16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change • Natural Selection acts directly on phenotype (physical appearance). Ex. Lizard color. Pg. 397, 16-5 • Natural selection on Polygenic Traits is more complicated because more than one gene works on the physical appearance.. • Directional • Stabilizing • Disruptive

32. Directions, Disruptive & Stabalizing Selection

33. Directional Selection • When individuals at one end of the bell-shaped curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle or the other end of the curve. • The curve shifts toward the higher fitness end. • Ex.- birds with larger beaks will have higher fitness if a small-medium seed shortage occurs. Pg. 398, 16-6

34. Stabilizing Selection • When individuals near the middle of the curve have higher fitness than those on either end of the curve. • This is where the average form of trait is. • The curve narrows around the middle • Ex.- a babies birth weight. Less wt., lower survival rate. Higher wt., difficult birth. Pg. 399, 16-7

35. Disruptive Selection • When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than the individuals near the middle. • The curve develops a peak at each end and a low point in the middle. • Ex.- Medium bird seed has a shortage. Small & large bird seed are abundant. Birds with small & large beaks will have greater fitness. Pg. 399, 16-8

36. Genetic Drift- Contributes to Natural Selection • Trait frequencies change. • Occurs in small populations. • Individuals with a particular trait leave more descendants than other individuals. • Traits become more or less common by chance. • The only similarity to natural selection is that they involve a change in a population’s trait (allele) frequencies.

37. Genetic Equilibrium • A situation in which allele (or trait) frequencies of a population remain constant. • 5 conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium: • Random mating. • Population must be very large. • There can be no movement into or out of the population (migration). • No mutations. • No natural selection When all 5 are met, evolution will not occur.

38. 16-3 Process of Speciation • Speciation- formation of new species • For 1 species to evolve into 2 new species: • Gene pools of 2 populations must become separated. • They must be reproductively isolated. • Ex. – finches on the Galapagos islands.

39. Two forms of Speciation: Gradualism Vs. Punctuated Equilibrium

40. Reproductive Isolation • When members of 2 populations cannot interbreed & produce fertile offspring. • Behavioral- different courtship rituals. Ex. Songs. • Geographical- populations are separated by geographic barriers. Ex. Mountains, rivers. • Temporal- populations reproduce at different times. Ex. Pollination.

41. Geographic Reproductive Isolation

42. Speciation of Darwin’s Finches • The species evolved on the Islands from a single species of founding birds. • They traveled from mainland South America to one island to found a new population. • They survived & reproduced then crossed to a 2nd island. • The became geographically isolated & gene pool was no longer shared. • Seed size on the island favored large beak birds. • Large beak birds reproductively isolated & evolved into a new species.

43. Analogous Vs. Homologus Structues • Analogous Sturctures: Structures of different organisms that have similar functions. DO NOT RESULT from a shared common ancestor, but from similar environmental demands= EVIDENCE OF NATURAL SELECTION EX: bird wings & insect wings. • Homologous Structures: anatomical structures or behavioral traits within different organisms which evolved from a structure or trait of their common ancestral organism. EVIDENCE OF COMMON ANCESTRY EX: Bat Wing, Whale fin & human arm

44. Analogous Vs. Homologous