INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIETY

1. INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIETY

2. 1.1 The Early History Of Malaysia • Ancient (kuno) history • Paleolithic • Mesolithic • Neolithic • Metal Age

3. Paleolithic • The characteristics: • Exist 35,000 years ago • Lived in caves • Main activity- collecting product & hunting • Started using stone tools • The tools simple & crude • Area- Tampan Estuary, Badak cave (Perak), Niah Cave(sarawak) & Tingkayu (sabah).

4. Mesolithic • The characteristics: • Exist 11,000 years ago • Live in caves, along rivers & lake • Started farming • Used more refined stone tools • Able to make earthenware • Area- Cha cave (Kelantan), Kecil cave (Pahang), Kepah Cave (Kedah), Jenderam Hilir (Selangor)

5. Neolithic • The characteristic: • Exist 5,000 years ago • Used more sophisticated stone tools. • Started rearing livestock • Started communicating with communities in other places • Started creating object and using accessories • Area- Cha cave(Kelantan), Madai cave(Sabah), Gamantang cave(Sabah), Tengkorak cave(sarawak)..etc

6. Metal Age • The characteristic: • Exist 2,500 years ago • Population grew • Developed residential • Areas in wide open land near rivers • More orderly & sedentary lifestyle • Practices social customs • Area- Lang River(Selangor), Muar river(Johor), • Tembeling River(Pahang), Terengganu River (Trgnu)

7. 1.2 Protohistory Age • Arise on early kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago • It proves by founding of archaeological evidence & some record from Yunan, Arab, Persians, China & India.

8. What is Malay Archipelago??? • Largest group of islands in the world • located off the southeastern coast of Asia between the Indian and Pacific oceans • It consists of the more than 13,000 islands of Indonesiaand some 7,000 islands of the Philippines • Principal islands include the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes), the Lesser Sundas, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayan Islands.

9. Malay kingdoms in Malay Archipelago • Funan- located in Kampuchea, influence by Old Kedah religion. E.g. Pengkalan Bujang • Old Kedah- monarchy system, strategic location, important entreport, influence by Hinduism & Buddhism. • Gangga Negara – port & trade centre • Langkasuka, Patani- trade centre, influence by Hinduism & Buddhism

10. cont’d… • Chih-tu, Kelantan- influence by Buddhism, strong relationship with China • Srivijaya, Sumatera- well-known trade centre, strong relationship with China & India, centre of Buddhism & Sanskrit language, own several vassal States. • Majapahit, Jawa- Owned several vassal states, trade centre, strong relationship with China, India & the Middle East.

11. Majapahit.. • Is the strongest kingdom in 13 century..but.. • Its GOLDEN ERA ends after the existence of the Malay Kingdom of Malacca.

12. THE MALAY KINGDOM OF MALACCA

13. The GOLDEN AGE of Malacca. • Known as The Venice of The East • Spread of Islam • Vast territory • Strong trade relations with China & India • Empire of advance civilization

14. PROSPERITY OF MALACCA EMPIRE • Geographic- strategic location midway the trade routes between China & India, its port hidden from south-west & north-west monsoon wind, natural deep port. • Economy- centre of maritime, rich with natural resources, cheap price, low & orderly tax collection, lots of facilities • Political Administration- centre of the spread of Islam, diplomatic ties with China, efficient administrative system, Malay is lingua franca, strong military

15. Develop The Early Integration.. • Existence of plural society • Existence of plurality society • Plurality in nature.. • British Colonization • Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’ (separation between county & religion) -

16. Effects of Colonization • British Colonization • Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’ (separation between country & religion) • Separation of Power ( judiciary, executive & legislative) • Education – 3M

17. Fall of the Malacca Empire Factors decline of Malacca Empire internal external

18. Internal • Sultan Mahmud Syah was a week ruler • Weak administration & lack of efficient leader • Fight between Malays and Indian- Muslims. • Merchant activities decreased • Sea people do not help Malacca against Portuguese

19. External • Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in south Africa • Bad attitude from outsiders • Malacca was taken by Portuguese • Internal conflicts

20. MULTIRACIAL SOCIETY Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population • Chinese and Indian immigrants came to Malaya after the development of the tin ore industry in 1848. • Chinese comprised merchants who settled in Malacca, Kuala Terengganu and the estuary of the Johor and Pahang rivers, while Indians were labourers in sugar cane and coffee plantations in Penang Island and Province Wellesley.

21. Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population (Cont’d) • According to 1870 statistics, the total population in Malaya was less than half a million • In 1921, the figure increase to 3.3 million. • In 1931, the total population of non-Malays exceeded the total population of Malays; Malays was 44.7%, non-Malays were 53.2% where 39.0% was Chinese. • By the time independence, Malays was 49.8%, Chinese was 37.2%, and Indians was 11.3% and others, 1.8%.

22. Main inhabitants of Malaysia • Peninsular Malaysia • Malay • Banjar • Boyan • Bugis • Jawa • Kampar • Kerinci • Mendaling • Minangkabau • Rawa • Johor-Riau • Chinese • Hokkien • Chuan-Chew • Chin-Chew • Eng-Hua • Eng-Choon • Hok-Chew • Kwantung • Kanton • Teochew • Hakka • Hailam

23. Main inhabitants of Malaysia (cont’d) • Indian • Malayali • Punjabi • Ceylonese • Tamil • Telegu • Indigenous • Negrito • Senoi • Melayu Asli (each of the stocks consists of a tribal community)

24. Sabah & Sarawak • Sabah • Bajau • Dusun • Murut • Bisaya • Kadayun • Orang Sungai • OrangLaut • Brunei • Sarawak • Bidayuh • Bisaya • Iban • Kayan • Kedayan • Kelabit • Kenyah • Melanau • Malays • Murut • Penan • Punan

25. The Malays • History of the Malays in Malaya • Most of the Malay people in Peninsular Malaya today were the descendants of people who originated from the Indonesian Archipelago.

26. The factors of the Indonesian migration to Malaya.

27. After the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the area was divided into Indonesia and Malaysia

28. Javanese • The great migration resulting from the Dutch transmigration policy, that is, the moving of people from the Island of Jawa. • The majority of them consisted of coffee and rubber plantation workers and labourers in newly opened land. It was estimated that i1930, there were 170,000 Jawa people in Singapore. • In Malaya, most of the Jawa people were concentrated in Johor (Muar, BatuPahat and Pontian), Selangor (Kelang, Kuala Selangor, Kuala Langat) and Perak (Hilir Perak, Krian, ParitBuntar)

29. Banjar • The Banjar people originated from the district of Banjarmasin, Kalimantan • Most of them were involved in paddy planting • In 1931, the Banjar population in Malaya totalled 45,382 people • Most Banjar people lived along the coast and in river valleys such as Kerian, Parit Buntar (Perak), Sabak Bernam (Selangor) and Batu Pahat (Johor)

30. Bugis • The Bugis people originated from the Sulawesi Islands • They were the business groups and in Malaya, many of them lived in Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Johor • In Johor, the Bugis people were mostly found in the Benut, Kukup and Rengit (Batu Pahat district) areas, while in Selangor, they were mostly found in the Langat Valley, In Perak, the Bugis people were mainly merchants.

31. Boyanese • The Boyan people originated from Boyan Island • The majority of them migrated to Singapore, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Penang Island. • They concentrated in cities because they were experts in horse-rearing.

32. Minangkabau • The Minangkabau people originated from Sumatra • In Malaya, they were found mainly in Negeri Sembilan and Malacca, where they were known as followers of Adat Perpatih. • They were mostly involved in business and agriculture.

33. Economy • Malays were the poorest compared to Chinese and Indians. • Many of the Malays were involved in the agricultural and traditional industries sectors that were said to have low productivity. • Most Malays live in the rural areas where the standard of living is low. • Malays are not exposed to similar opportunities as other communities living in urban areas. • The British policies had ultimately left the Malays in the rural areas and involved in traditional economic activities. • The British denied the Malays an involvement in modern economic activities largely participated by the non-Malays.

34. Politics • Malays were strong in the political sense but weak economically. • Malay and pro-Malay parties always have the most elected representation in Parliament. • Malay organization – the United Malay National Organization (UMNO).

35. Sosiocultural • Majority of Malays live in villages which the community has strong ties and strict social control. • The Malays like and have a high regard for consensus and family is the important institution fro social security. • All Malays are Muslims, but not all Muslims are Malays.

36. The Chinese • The majority of the Chinese in the country today are descendants of the Chinese immigrants who came in the nineteenth century. • Most of the Chinese in Malaya originated from Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi in South China.

37. The factors that led the Chinese to migrate to Malaya

38. Cluster &Population number in 1921 - Hokkien • 380,656 • Consist of businessmen and shopkeepers - Cantonese • 332,307 • Consist of miners and craftsmen (carpenter, cobbler and iron smith) -Hakka • 218,139 • Consist of miners

39. Cluster &Population number in 1921(cont’d) -Teochew • 130,231 • Consist of shopkeepers and farmers who started sugar cane plantations in Wellesley Province and Penang Islands, and Gambier plantation and black pepper in Johor -Hailam • 68,393 • Consist of restaurant owners and suppliers of household needs

40. Economy • Many of them were involved in business as merchants, businessmen, and craftsmen. • They are based on sub-ethnic groups; the Hokkiens controlled the rubber estates, while the Hainanese concentrated more on the coffee shop business.

41. Politics • MCA-the Malayan Chinese Association to protect their interests and also for self-government. • The poor Chinese began to voice their feelings through Labour Party, the People Progressive Party and the People’s Action Party.

42. Sociocultural • In Malaysia, most of the Chinese are Buddhists. • They celebrate festivals based on their roots in the history and culture of society in China such as The New Year is celebrated based on the rotation of days related to planting activities.

43. The Indians • There was an Indian settlement in Malacca known as Kampung Kling. The Indians were also recognized as propagators of Islam. • The Indian population in Malaya consisted of those originating from South India (Tamil Nadu). • They Indian labourers migrated to Malaya to work in rubber and sugar cane plantations, constructing building and roads, and as a domestic helper.

44. The factors that encouraged the migration of Indians to Malaya

45. Tamil • Originated from Tamil Nadu • The largest ethnic group in Malaya (80% of the whole Indian population in Malaya) • Mostly worked in the rubber and oil palm plantations. Others worked in government offices.

46. Malayali • Originated from the Malabar Coast. Also known as Malabari. • Formed 7% of the total Indian population in Malaya consisting of the working and middle class. • The working class is mostly found in the plantations and the middle class, in clerical and professional employment, they are also famous for their restaurants.

47. Telegu • Originated from Andhra Pradesh • Formed 4% of the total Indian population in Malaya • Mostly worked as labourers in plantations

48. Sikh • Originated from Punjab • Mostly worked as police and railway station officers, security guards. Also involved in the rearing of cows. It was said that the Sikh’s bullock cart service was an important form of transport in the tin mines. • Starting from the 1920s, there were many Sikhs involved in business and the professionals fields.

49. Economy • The Chettiar groups came to Malaysia as loan providers and were not involved in other businesses. However, many of them started businesses like restaurants, hairdressing and cloth stores. • The majority of the Indians in Malaysia had low income, and was involved in low-skilled or unskilled occupations.

50. Politics • The main Indian political party in Malaysia is the MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress). • The opposition by the citizens of India against the British colonialists greatly influenced the political activities of the Indians in Malaya before World War One.