Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

1. Personalized System of Instruction(PSI) By: Andre’ Neumann

2. Major Theme “Students Progress as Fast as They Can or as Slowly as They Need”

3. Fred Keller was the creator of PSI 1968 First described in “Good Bye Teacher” - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Daryl L. Siedentop introduced PSI to physical education classes in 1974 Keller divided the process for creating PSI into four steps http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/psi.html History of PSI

4. Determine the material to be covered in the course Divide the material into self contained modules http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/psi.html Create methods of evaluating the degree to which the learner has conquered the material in a given module Allow learners to move from module to module at their own pace Four Steps in Creating PSI

5. Information about PSI • Students make progress at their own pace using learning tasks • The learning tasks developed from task analysis • Unified Plan w/out daily lesson plans

6. Performance Criteria Written or mediated format Task Structure Error Analysis Information on task presentation Task Analysis

7. There is regular progress towards course goals Immediate assessment Ability to view creative learning materials One on one attention from the instructor Theory of PSI

8. PSI Learning Domains

9. Mastery Based Instruction: - Students need to meet the performance on a learning task before moving on to the next task. Achievement Based Instruction: - Focused on student learning outcomes Mastery and Achievement Based

10. PROS -Immediate Feedback -Distance Education -Content Mastery -Student Pace Cons -Lots of time in preparation -Affective domain is not a main concern -Students do not get to be as social Pros and Cons of PSI

11. Does PSI Work? • Very effective instructional model in a wide range of content areas • Most of the problems come from lack of student motivation

12. High levels of feedback Immediate feedback Students own pace Students improve upon independent learning Retaking tests are available to master content Benefits of PSI

13. What Grade Level is Appropriate? • Mostly used in higher grade levels - Due to preparation time • Yet, PSI can be modified to be used in lower grade levels as well

14. Direct Instruction (Most closely related) - Fits with direct instruction by requiring student to work on course modules independently social constructivism - Slightly related to SC by requiring students to meet weekly in peer teams with a proctor to answer questions and take a quiz on content studied Other Facts about PSI

15. 1. Individually paced 2. Content mastery (criterion learning) 3. Student tutors 4. Use of study guides (behavioral objectives 5. Minimal use of lectures 6. Division of course content into chunks. Six Characteristics of PSI

16. Bibliography • Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies. Personalized System of Instruction. Retrieved May 16, 2008 Web Site: http://www.behavior.org/education/index.cfm?Page=http%3A//www.behavior.org/education/education_personalized_instruction_psi_home.cfm • Gallup, H., Allan, R. Concerns with some recent criticisms of the personalized system of instruction. Retrieved May 16, 2008. Web Site: http://ww2.lafayette.edu/%7Eallar/concerns.html • Allan, W. Robert. List of PSI and CAPSI Users. Retrieved May 16, 2008. Web Site: http://ww2.lafayette.edu/~allanr/users.html • Metzler, M.W.(2000). Instructional Models for Physical Education. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Education Company. • Clark, Donald. Personalized System of Instruction. Retrieved May 16, 2008. Web Site: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/psi.html