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Chapter 18—The Great War

Chapter 18—The Great War. Section 1—A World Crisis. Causes of WWI. Nationalism Extreme pride or devotion towards country Balkans Austria-Hungary annexed many provinces Slavs resisted Russia was the father culture of the Slavs…protector Imperialism

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Chapter 18—The Great War

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  1. Chapter 18—The Great War

  2. Section 1—A World Crisis

  3. Causes of WWI • Nationalism • Extreme pride or devotion towards country • Balkans • Austria-Hungary annexed many provinces • Slavs resisted • Russia was the father culture of the Slavs…protector • Imperialism • Africa, Middle East, & Asia being carved up • Germany built up their military for imperialism

  4. Militarism • Policy of military preparedness & build up • Germany enlarged navy & army & drew up war strategies • The Schlieffen Plan • Invade through Belgium • Alliances (balance of power) • Triple Alliance • Germany, Italy & A-H • Triple Entente • England, France, Russia

  5. War Breaks Out • GavriloPrincip assassinated Archduke Ferdinand • Serbia blamed..Russia defends…alliances lead to war • Germans Take Belgium (neutral) • Followed Schlieffen Plan to attack France • British now in war as ally of Belgium • New Kind of Warfare • French army thought it was going to traditional war • Germans met them with machine guns… • 1st Battle of the Marne (river) • Battlefront stretch 125 miles • 250K killed…heavy losses on both sides (French worst)

  6. The War at a Stalemate • After 1stMarne 9/5-12/14, troops dug trenches • Trenches stretched from Switzerland to North Sea • Fighting in the Trenches • Charge through no-man’s-land…you’d usually die • No one made significant advances creating stalemate • New Weapons • Gas warfare, zeppelins, machine guns, tanks, airplanes…though none gave distinct advantage • Gas was horrid…destroyed the lungs, suffocating the soldier

  7. New Weapons of War

  8. Section 2—THE US in WWI

  9. US Stays Neutral • Isolationism • US didn’t want to be involved in European affairs • Leaning Towards Allies • Traditionally closer ties with Allies • Financially not neutral • Sold goods to Allies…nearly $75million each week • German Submarine (U-boats) Warfare • Germany’s response to British naval blockade • Germany declared waters of North a war zone • Unrestricted sub-warfare is what finally draw the US off the sidelines

  10. German U-boats

  11. Heading Toward War • Sussex Pledge (1916) • Germany vowed to not sink any merchant vessels “without warning & without saving human lives” • Wilson’s Re-election • Re-elected in 1916…on peace platform • Asked for end to war with no victory • The Zimmermann Note (Jan-Feb 1917) • Proposed German/Mexican alliance • Mexico would regain lost territory in NM, TX, AZ • US Declares War • April 6, 1917 after U-boats sink 3 US merchant ships

  12. Americans in Europe • Raising an Army • Selective Service Act…men 21-30 required to register • Groups were segregated & discriminated against • Conscientious Objectors…not allowed • Arriving in Europe • AEF or American Expeditionary Force, June 1917 • Convoy system • Troop transports surrounded by destroyers • Allied Setback • Communist revolution in Russia…they pull out of war • By May of 1918 Allies 70 miles from Paris at Marne

  13. US Troops in Action • Took almost year to get into the fight • Learned of trench warfare • Helped save Paris • American Military Women • Switchboard operators • 20K + as nurses • Bookkeepers & telegraph operators too

  14. The War Ends • June 18, 1918—2nd Battle of the Marne • Germany’s last effort to turn tide of war • Armistice would come 100 days later • September 1918 • Allies go on offensive winning in Argonne Forest • The Armistice • German economy crippled…morale low • 11/11/18 @ 11:11 AM the guns went silent • “Time to Bury the Dead” • 8.5 million dead because of the war

  15. Section 3—The Home Front

  16. Mobilizing the Economy • War Revenue Act…very high taxes 77% on some • Regulating Industry • War Industry Board regulated all materials needed in the war effort • Regulating Food • Lever Food & Fuel Control Act • Government set prices to control supplies/demands • Food Administration—encouraged food production • Regulating Fuel • All done some there was ample for the military • Supply US & Allied Troops • By rationing goods, it ensured supplies for troops

  17. Mobilizing Workers • Massive profits made for businesses • National War Labor Board • Est. 8-hr day, urge recognition of unions, equal pay for women • Sought to keep labor disruptions to minimum • Women’s War Effort • 1 million entered workforce • Suffrage advocates used this to further their cause • Influenza Epidemic at Home (Spanish Flu) • Oct. 1918 200K were killed in America; 675K overall • Worldwide 20-40 million died—worse than Bubonic Plague

  18. Winning Support Through Propaganda • Committee on Public Information • George Creel headed • Nationwide propaganda using posters, newspapers, speeches • Hired movie stars to speak on war effort • Mary Pickford • Uncle Sam • Anti-German Sentiment • Remove it from society • Stop teaching language • Stop playing symphonies • Lynched Robert Pragerbecause suspected spy

  19. Section 4—Peace Without Victory

  20. The 14 Points of Wilson • President Wilson’s plan for everalasting peace • 1st Four Points • Called for open diplomacy, freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, & reduction of military • 5th—proposed fair system for resolving disputes • Points 6-13 deal with self-determination • 14th Point called for League of Nations • League would be organization of nations to peacefully resolve disputes

  21. Paris Peace Conference • Who Attended? • Allied leaders dominated negotiations, which we saw in the Treaty of Versailles excerpts • Big Four—leaders of USA, UK, France, & Italy • Conflicting Needs • France wanted to decimate Germany • Many nations wanted independence • Treaty of Versailles—6/28/1919 • Required Germany to disarm • Pay reparations—exceeded what Germany could afford

  22. Impact of WWI Political Impact • Ended monarchies in Germany, Russia & Aus-Hun • Led to rise of Bolsheviks in Russia • Economic Impact • European economies were devastated • Farmers hit especially hard • Social Impact • Women & African Americans experienced equality • Impact in Europe • Leads to the rise of fascism in Italy & Germany

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