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The Circulatory System:

Explore the vital functions of blood, including transportation of gases and nutrients, regulation of body temperature and pH, and protection against bleeding and infection. Learn about the composition of blood, the different types of formed elements, and the process of blood cell formation. Discover the role of platelets in clotting and the importance of blood types in transfusions. Gain insights into common blood disorders like anemia and leukemia.

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The Circulatory System:

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  1. The Circulatory System: Blood

  2. 3 Functions of Blood 1. Transport • transports CO2 & O2 • Nutrients • metabolic waste (urea & lactic acid) • hormones • enzymes • plasma proteins

  3. 3 Functions of Blood 2. Regulation • body temperature • pH in body tissues • fluid & electrolyte balance

  4. 3 Functions of Blood 3. Protection • prevents excessive bleeding • antibodies detect foreign material • prevents infection (WBC)

  5. Composition of Blood • Blood – made of plasma and formed elements • 8% of body wgt • pH = 7.4 • 5x more viscous than water

  6. Blood Composition Separated by Centrifugation Hematocrit

  7. Blood Plasma plasma → nonliving fluid part; straw-colored • 90% water; plasma proteins (8%) • Albumin –shuttles molecules through blood; buffer; helps maintain plasma’s osmotic pressure • Fibrogen – helps repair damaged tissue • Dissolvedsolutes (nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, ions, proteins, etc.) (2%) • 55% of blood volume

  8. Blood Plasma

  9. Formed Elements in Blood Formed elements → living blood cells -45% of blood -platelets (thrombocytes) → clotting -red blood cells (RBC; erythrocytes) →carry oxygen; -white blood cells (WBC; leukocytes) →fight infection

  10. Blood cell formation • Hematopoiesis (aka hemopoiesis) • Occurs in: • Red bone marrow stem cells • Vertebrate, ribs, hips, sternum, skull • Lymph tissue in nodes, tonsils, spleen & thymus make small amounts

  11. Erythrocytes (RBCs) • Plasma membrane; anucleate • Hemoglobin- protein that transports oxygen/CO2 • Erythropoiesis • EPO • Hemolysis – 120 days • Phagocytocis

  12. Erythrocytes (RBCs)

  13. Excessive RBC • polycythemia – abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity • Blood thickens, flows sluggishly

  14. Leukocytes (WBCs) • Complete cells (nuclei & organelles) 5 Types of WBC: Granulocytes – contain granules Types– neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils 2. Agranulocytes – lack granules Types– lymphocytes and monocytes

  15. Leukocytes (WBCs)

  16. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Essential for clotting; occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or injured • Form plug that helps seal break when they stick to damaged site • Megakaryocytes in bone marrow • Thrombopoietin

  17. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  18. Coagulation (blood clotting) • Hemostasis • Procoagulants (clotting factors) – enhance clot formation • Anticoagulants – factors that inhibit clotting; heparin

  19. Hemostasis 4 phases: • Constrict blood vessel; reduce blood loss • Platelet plug hole & attract more platelets • Platelet plug injury and coagulate; thrombin and fibrogen form fibrin mesh - traps blood cells, seals hole until blood vessel can be fully repaired 3. Blood clot formation and retraction

  20. Coagulation (blood clotting)

  21. Blood Type • antigen –chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies • antibody –protein immune system produces in presence of nonself antigen; reacts with antigen • antibodies made limit receiving blood from certain types • Rh factor: + or - Rh – exposure forms antibodies to it

  22. Blood TypeAntigenAntibody A A anti-B B B anti-A AB A and B *neither anti-A nor anti-B O **neither Both anti-A A nor B and anti-B *AB is universal recipient **O is universal donor

  23. RBC Disorders • anemia – blood has extremely low oxygen-carrying capacity due to low number of RBCs, low hemoglobin content, or abnormal hemoglobin

  24. Leukocyte Disorders • leukemia – (“white blood”) = rapid, uncontrolled production of clones of cancerous leukocyte; impairs normal bone marrow function Named after: • Abnormal cell type involved (i.e. lymphocytic leukemia = lymphocytes) • Speed it advances: acute – quickly advances (blast-type cells) chronic – slowly advances (later cell stages)

  25. Leukocyte Disorders • Infectious mononucleosis – Epstein-Barr virus; makes excessive atypical agranulocytes • No cure; with rest, virus runs its course and recovers in a few weeks

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