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The German "Energiewende"

Explore Germany's transition to renewable energy, focusing on electricity generated solely from renewable resources. The study covers CO2 reduction, energy consumption, renewable sources, simulation results, and conclusions on the Energiewende.

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The German "Energiewende"

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  1. Geo Vi Be The German "Energiewende" ElectricitySolelyFromRenewable Resources?

  2. Contents • Introduction • Boundaryconditionsandpresumptions • Simulation • Results • Conclusions

  3. Introduction • CO2causesGreenhouseeffect • Germany isoneofthebiggest CO2emittents • Countermeasure: „Energiewende“

  4. Annual energyconsumtion in Germany • 1202 TWh for heating • 718 TWh for fuels • 600 TWhelectrical energy

  5. Presentsourcesforelectricalenergy • Total average power: 70.0 GW • Total energy: 600 TWh

  6. Renewableelectricalenergy • Annual total energy: 157.4 TWh

  7. Boundaryconditionsandpresumptions • Presumptions: • Continuouslyincreasingshareofrenewableenergy • Chemical energystorageby H2 via electrolysis H2 tank Electrolyser Gas turbine 2 H2O -> O2 + 2 H2, Dh = +571,8 kJ/mol

  8. Boundaryconditionsandpresumptions • Leadingquestions: • Optimum layoutofphotovoltaics, wind and (biomass + water power)? • Requiredpeakpowers? • Maximum energystorage? • Required power forelectrolysersand gas turbines?

  9. Boundaryconditionsandpresumptions • Realisticelectricityconsumptionprofile • Power: 32 – 94 GW • Total annualenergy: 600 TWh Winter Summer Maximum load Power Maximum load Average load Average load Basic load Basic load Time Time

  10. Characteristicsofrenewables • Water Capacityfullyused • Bio mass Ethicalproblems, onlywasteshouldbeused • Geothermal energy Small scale • Wind Public resistance • Photovoltaics Expensive, smallefficiency

  11. Assumptionsforweather • Annual numberofdepressions: 20 (period: 18 ¼ days) • Amplitude sun power: 15 – 100 % • Amplitude wind power: 0 – 100 % • Seasonaldistributionof wind power: Between 5 % in June and 12 % in December • Phase shiftbetweenmaximumsunlightandmaximum wind: p/2 = 4 ½ days • Day length: 7 – 17 hrs

  12. Simulation with Excel • 1 hr per line = 8760 linesforoneyear • Cosinus interpolationbetweenthecurves

  13. Simulation ofsun power • Presentsunpower: • Heigthofsunoverhorizon (0 duringnighttime) • Multipliedwithweatherfactor

  14. Simulation of wind power • Present wind power: • Weatherfactor • Multipliedbyseasonal wind factor

  15. Overlayofsimulationresults • Required power • Minus presentsun power • Minus presentwind power • Minus permanent power Water+ Bio mass = 22.8 GW • Equals • Electrolyser power (when negative) • Auxiliary gas power (when positive)

  16. Result Optimum shares: • Solar 15 % • Wind > 50 %

  17. Requiredpowers • Requiredreservoirspace: 26.5 TWh • Required power:

  18. Conclusions • Enoughelectrical power canbeproducedbyrenewableenergy • Storage spacealreadyexists • Technical bottleneckfortheEnergiewende: The realisationof high-power electrolysis • EconomicalbottleneckfortheEnergiewende: The recoveryofthestoredenergyby gas power (averageloadlessthan 18 %)

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