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C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008). Chapter 15 . Shelmerdine Chapter 15. 3 rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) Genitive of personal agent

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C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

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  1. C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 15

  2. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 • 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Genitive of personal agent • Irregular 3rd declension nouns • The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part)

  3. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 • 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Genitive of personal agent • Irregular 3rd declension nouns • The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part)

  4. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 1. 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • A small group of 3rd declension nouns has stems ending in diphthongs (all in -υ : ευ, αυ, ου).

  5. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 1. 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs The most common nouns end in -ευ. • The -υdisappears except in the nominative and vocative singulars, and the dative plural. • The genitive singular ends in –ως(rather than -ος). • In the nominative plural, the resulting -εες contracts to -εις. • In the nominative, accusative and vocative plural, forms in -ης take over by the end of the fourth century BCE.

  6. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 1. 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs Thus the forms of βασιλεύς, βασιλέως ἡ“king” singular Nom. βασιλεύς Gen. βασιλέως Dat. βασιλεῖ Acc. βασιλέα Voc. βασιλεῦ plural Nom. βασιλεῖς (laterβασιλῆς) Gen. βασιλέων Dat. βασιλεῦσι Acc. βασιλέας (laterβασιλῆς) Voc. = nom.

  7. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 1. 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • A few 3rd declension nouns have stems in -αυ or - ου. • The -υdisappears in the genitive and dative singulars, and the nominative and genitive plurals. • The accusative singular uses the ending –ν(instead of -α). • γραῦς, γραός ἡ “old woman” has a stem ending in -αυ. • ναῦς, νεώς ἡ “ship” has a stem ending in -αυ but is irregular (see 15.4). • βοῦς, βοός ὁ/ἡ “ox” has a stem ending in -ου. • χοῦς, χοός ὁ “three quart measure” has a stem ending in -ου, but with accusatives χόα and χόας .

  8. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 1. 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs Thus the forms of γραῦς, γραός ἡ“old woman” singular Nom. γραῦς Gen. γραός Dat. γραΐ Acc. γραῦν Voc. γραῦ plural Nom. γρᾶες Gen. γραῶν Dat. γραυσί Acc. γραῦς Voc. = nom.

  9. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 1. 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs Thus the forms of βοῦς, βοός ὁ/ἡ“ox” singular Nom. βοῦς Gen. βοός Dat. βοΐ Acc. βοῦν Voc. βοῦ plural Nom. βόες Gen. βοῶν Dat. βουσί Acc. βοῦς Voc. = nom.

  10. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 • 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Genitive of personal agent • Irregular 3rd declension nouns • The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part)

  11. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 2. The present and imperfect passive of thematic verbs • This chapter introduces the passive voice of regular verbs. • When a verb is passive, the noun in the nominative case receives the action. • English forms passive verbs by replacing an active verb with the corresponding form of “be” and adding the perfect participle.

  12. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 2. The present and imperfect passive of thematic verbs • Compare the following active and passive sentences. Both describe the same action but using different constructions: • “Godzilla sees the city.” • active present • “The city is seen by Godzilla.” • passive present • “sees” is replaced by “is,” then “seen” is added.

  13. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 2. The present and imperfect passive of thematic verbs • Compare the following active and passive sentences. Both describe the same action but using different constructions : • “Godzilla was destroying the city.” • active imperfect • “The city was being destroyed by Godzilla.” • passive imperfect • “was destroying” is replaced by “was being,” then “destroyed” is added.

  14. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 2. The present and imperfect passive of thematic verbs • In the present and imperfect tenses, active and passive Greek verbs differ only in their personal endings.

  15. ACTIVE singular λύω (I loose) λύεις (you loose) λύει (s/he, it looses) plural λύομεν (we loose) λύετε (you, y’all loose) λύουσι (they loose) PASSIVE singular λύομαι (I am loosed) λύῃ/λύει (you are loosed) λύεται (s/he, it is loosed) plural λυόμεθα (we are loosed) λύεσθε (y’all are loosed) λύονται (they are loosed) Shelmerdine Chapter 15 present tense λύεσαι =λύ+ε+(σ)+αι λύῃ or λύει

  16. PASSIVE singular λύομαι (I am loosed) λύῃ/λύει (you are loosed) λύεται (s/he, it is loosed) plural λυόμεθα (we are loosed) λύεσθε (y’all are loosed) λύονται (they are loosed) Note the final –αι is short for purposes of accent (1st sg and 3rd sg & pl). These endings are the same as those you learned for the future of εἰμί. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 present tense λύεσαι =λύ+ε+(σ)+αι λύῃ or λύει

  17. ACTIVE singular ἔλυον(I was loosing) ἔλυες(you were loosing) ἔλυε(s/he, it was loosing) plural ἐλύομεν(we were loosing) ἐλύετε(y’all were loosing) ἔλυον(they were loosing) PASSIVE singular ἐλυόμην(I was being loosed) ἐλύου(you were being loosed) ἐλύετο(s/he, it was being loosed) plural ἐλυόμεθα(we were being loosed) ἐλύεσθε(y’all were being loosed) ἐλύοντο(they were being loosed) Shelmerdine Chapter 15 imperfect tense ἐλύεσο =ἐλύ+ε+(σ)+ο ἐλύου

  18. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 parse/parsing • 1st, 2ndor 3RD PERSON • SINGULAR or PLURAL • PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE, or AORIST • INDICATIVE, IMPERATIVE, or INFINITIVE • ACTIVE, PASSIVE

  19. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 • 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Genitive of personal agent • Irregular 3rd declension nouns • The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part)

  20. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 3. Genitive of personal agent • When the verb is passive, the agent of the action goes in the genitive following ὑπό: • ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει τοὺς Πέρσας. • “Pericles pursues the Persians.” (active) • οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους. • “The Persians are pursued by Pericles.” (passive)

  21. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 3. Genitive of agent • An instrument is expressed by the dative, whether the verb is active or passive: • ὁ Περικλῆς διώκει ἁμάξῃ τοὺς Πέρσας. • “Pericles pursues the Persians in a chariot.” • οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξῃ ὑπὸ τοῦ Περικλέους. • “The Persians are pursued by Pericles in a chariot.” • οἱ Πέρσαι διώκονται ἁμάξαις. • “The Persians are pursued by chariots.”

  22. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 • 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Genitive of personal agent • Irregular 3rd declension nouns • The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part)

  23. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 4. Irregular 3rd declension nouns • A few nouns in Greek are recognizably 3rd declension but undergo unpredictablestem changes. • γυνή, γυναικός ἡ“woman” has the stem γυναικ-. • the nominative singular irregularly contracts to γυνή. • the vocative, by rule, drops the final -κ. • all genitive and dative forms accent the ultima.

  24. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 4. Irregular 3rd declension nouns Thus the forms of γυνή, γυναικός ἡ“woman” singular Nom. γυνή Gen. γυναικός Dat. γυναικί Acc. γυναῖκα Voc. γύναι plural Nom. γυναῖκες Gen. γυναικῶν Dat. γυναιξί Acc. γυναῖκας Voc. = nom.

  25. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 4. Irregular 3rd declension nouns • A few nouns in Greek are recognizably 3rd declension but undergo unpredictable stem changes. • ναῦς, νεώς ἡ“ship” displays shifts in its stem vowel.

  26. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 4. Irregular 3rd declension nouns Thus the forms of ναῦς, νεώς ἡ“ship” singular Nom. ναῦς Gen. νεώς Dat. νηΐ Acc. ναῦν Voc. ναῦ plural Nom. νῆες Gen. νεῶν Dat. ναυσί Acc. ναῦς Voc. = nom.

  27. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 4. Irregular 3rd declension nouns • A few nouns in Greek are recognizably 3rd declension but undergo unpredictable stem changes. • ὕδωρ, ὕδατος τό“water” has a stem in -τ, but the nom./acc./voc. singular shows -ρ.

  28. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 4. Irregular 3rd declension nouns • Thus the forms of ὕδωρ, ὕδατος τό“water” singular Nom. ὕδωρ Gen. ὕδατος Dat. ὕδατι Acc. = nom. Voc. = nom. plural Nom. ὕδατα Gen. ὑδάτων Dat. ὕδασι Acc. = nom. Voc. = nom. dat. pl.: ὕδατσι  ὕδασι

  29. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 4. Irregular 3rd declension nouns Ζεῦς, Διός ὁ“Zeus” has a unique declension: singular Nom. Ζεῦς Gen. Διός Dat. Διΐ Acc. Δία Voc. Ζεῦ

  30. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 • 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Genitive of personal agent • Irregular 3rd declension nouns • The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part)

  31. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 5. The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The aorist and future tenses form the passive differently from present and imperfect tenses.

  32. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 5. The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The aorist passive indicative • adds an augment to the beginning of the stem, as in the active • adds the marker -θη- or just -η- to the end of the stem • The personal endings are the secondary endings of the –μι conjugation (compare the imperfect forms of εἰμίand φημίand even the endings of the weak [1st] aorist active).

  33. singular ἐλύθην(I was loosed) ἐλύθης(you were loosed) ἐλύθη(s/he, it was loosed) plural ἐλύθημεν(we were loosed) ἐλύθητε(y’all were loosed) ἐλύθησαν(they were loosed) Shelmerdine Chapter 15 aorist passive stem = augment + λυ + θη Note the addition of both the augment andθηto the stem.

  34. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 5. The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The sixth (and final) principal part is the 1st person aorist indicative passive. • Note that we have skipped the fourth and fifth principal parts (the perfect system, introduced in Chapter 30). • This part always ends in -ην: • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην

  35. Shelmerdine Chapter 14 5. The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • This part always ends in -ην: • λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην • To form the aorist passive, you can always replace the final –ν with: -ν (1st sg) -μεν (1st pl) -ς (2nd sg) -τε (2nd pl) - (3rd sg) -σαν (3rd pl)

  36. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 • 3rd declension nouns: stems in diphthongs • The present and imperfect passive indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Genitive of personal agent • Irregular 3rd declension nouns • The aorist passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part)

  37. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 6. The future passive indicative of thematic verbs (6th principal part) • The future passive indicative • adds the markers -θη- and -σ- to the end of the stem • the personal endings are the same as those for the present passive.

  38. singular λυθήσομαι (I will be loosed) λυθήσῃ/ει (you will be loosed) λυθήσεται (s/he, it will be loosed) plural λυθησόμεθα (we will be loosed) λυθήσεσθε (y’all will be loosed) λυθήσονται (they will be loosed) Shelmerdine Chapter 15 future passive stem = λυ + θη+ σ Note the addition of both the θη andσto the stem.

  39. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 for tomorrow (Wednesday, December 7, 2005): • Quiz: Chapter 15 Vocabulary • Verbs: omit ἀπολαύνω • Nouns: omit γραῦς, Ζεύς

  40. Athens Salamis

  41. Salamis in the fog (viewed from Athens)

  42. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 παρῆν δὲ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ ἡ τῶν Ἁλικαρνασσέων βασίλεια, ὀνόματι Ἀρτεμισία. ἐπεὶ δ' αἱ τῶν Περσῶν νῆες ἐπιέζοντο καὶ ἐβλάπτοντο ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἡ τῆς Ἀρτεμισίας ναῦς ἐδιώκετο νηΐἈττικῇ·

  43. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 παρῆν δὲ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ ἡ τῶν Ἁλικαρνασσέων βασίλεια, ὀνόματι Ἀρτεμισία. ἐπεὶ δ' αἱ τῶν Περσῶν νῆες ἐπιέζοντο καὶ ἐβλάπτοντο ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἡ τῆς Ἀρτεμισίας ναῦς ἐδιώκετο νηΐἈττικῇ·

  44. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 παρῆνδὲ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ ἡ τῶν Ἁλικαρνασσέων βασίλεια, ὀνόματι Ἀρτεμισία. ἐπεὶ δ' αἱ τῶν Περσῶν νῆες ἐπιέζοντο καὶἐβλάπτοντο ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἡ τῆς Ἀρτεμισίας ναῦς ἐδιώκετο νηΐἈττικῇ·

  45. Ἀθῆναι Ἁλικαρνασσός

  46. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 ἡ δὲ βασίλεια οὐχ οἵα τ' ἦν διαφυγεῖν (ἔμπροσθε γὰρ αὐτῆς ἦσαν ἄλλαι νῆες φίλιαι), ἐκέλευσεν οὖν τοὺς ναύτας ἐμβάλλειν νηῒ φιλίᾳ. ὡς δὲ κατέδυσεν αὐτὴν, εὐτυχίᾳ ἡ βασίλεια εὖ ἔπραξεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἀττικῆς νεὼς τριήραρχος ἐνόμισε τὴν ναῦν τὴν τῆς Ἀρτεμισίας Ἑλληνικὴν εἶναι, ἢ τοὺς ναύτας αὐτομόλους εἶναι ἐκ τῶν βαρβάρων. οὐκέτι οὖν ἐδίωξεν αὐτήν, ἀλλ' ἐνέβαλλεν ἄλλαις ναυσίν· καὶ οὕτως ἡ Ἀρτεμισία ἐκ τῆς μάχης διέφυγεν.

  47. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 ἡ δὲ βασίλεια οὐχ οἵα τ' ἦν διαφυγεῖν (ἔμπροσθε γὰρ αὐτῆς ἦσαν ἄλλαι νῆες φίλιαι), ἐκέλευσεν οὖν τοὺς ναύτας ἐμβάλλειν νηῒ φιλίᾳ. ὡς δὲ κατέδυσεν αὐτὴν, εὐτυχίᾳ ἡ βασίλεια εὖ ἔπραξεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἀττικῆς νεὼς τριήραρχος ἐνόμισε τὴν ναῦν τὴν τῆς Ἀρτεμισίας Ἑλληνικὴν εἶναι, ἢ τοὺς ναύτας αὐτομόλους εἶναι ἐκ τῶν βαρβάρων. οὐκέτι οὖν ἐδίωξεν αὐτήν, ἀλλ' ἐνέβαλλεν ἄλλαις ναυσίν· καὶ οὕτως ἡ Ἀρτεμισία ἐκ τῆς μάχης διέφυγεν.

  48. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 ἡ δὲ βασίλεια οὐχ οἵα τ' ἦν διαφυγεῖν (ἔμπροσθε γὰρ αὐτῆς ἦσαν ἄλλαι νῆες φίλιαι), ἐκέλευσενοὖν τοὺς ναύτας ἐμβάλλειν νηῒ φιλίᾳ. ὡς δὲκατέδυσεν αὐτὴν, εὐτυχίᾳ ἡ βασίλεια εὖ ἔπραξεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἀττικῆς νεὼς τριήραρχος ἐνόμισε τὴν ναῦν τὴν τῆς Ἀρτεμισίας Ἑλληνικὴν εἶναι, ἢ τοὺς ναύτας αὐτομόλους εἶναι ἐκ τῶν βαρβάρων. οὐκέτι οὖνἐδίωξεν αὐτήν, ἀλλ'ἐνέβαλλεν ἄλλαις ναυσίν· καὶ οὕτως ἡ Ἀρτεμισία ἐκ τῆς μάχης διέφυγεν.

  49. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 τὸ δὲ τῆς βασιλείας ἔργον φανερὸν ἦν τῷΞέρξῃ·βασιλεὺς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἐν ὑψηλῷ θρόνῳ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκτῆς ἐκάθιζεν. ἔλεξε δέ Πέρσης αὐτῷ· Δέσποτα, ἡ Ἀρτεμεσία ναῦν τῶν πολεμίων κατέδυσεν. ὁ δὲ Ξέρξης πρῶτον μὲν οὐκ ἐπίστευεν αὐτῷ, τέλος δ' ἐπείθετο· μάλιστα δ' ἐθαύμαζε τὴν τῆς βασιλείας ἀρετήν. Οἱ μὲν ἄνδρες, ἔφη, νῦν εἰσι γυναῖκες, αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἄνδρες.

  50. Shelmerdine Chapter 15 τὸ δὲ τῆς βασιλείας ἔργον φανερὸν ἦν τῷΞέρξῃ· βασιλεὺς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἐν ὑψηλῷ θρόνῳ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀκτῆς ἐκάθιζεν. ἔλεξε δέΠέρσης αὐτῷ· Δέσποτα, ἡ Ἀρτεμεσία ναῦν τῶν πολεμίων κατέδυσεν. ὁ δὲ Ξέρξης πρῶτον μὲν οὐκ ἐπίστευεν αὐτῷ, τέλος δ' ἐπείθετο· μάλιστα δ' ἐθαύμαζε τὴν τῆς βασιλείας ἀρετήν. Οἱ μὲν ἄνδρες, ἔφη, νῦν εἰσι γυναῖκες, αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἄνδρες.

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