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Explore the impact, frequency, and severity of natural and man-made catastrophes globally and in India, focusing on the need for effective relief frameworks and mitigation strategies. Gain insights into the vulnerability of India to earthquakes, cyclones, and floods, emphasizing the importance of disaster preparedness and risk mitigation measures. The presentation discusses the economic losses, loss of lives, and societal impacts of catastrophic events, highlighting the necessity for proactive disaster management policies and community engagement in building resilience. Learn how disasters are managed, the role of preventive measures, and the global perspective on disaster response strategies.
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‘Disaster and Emergency Relief Framework’IRDA, NDMA & FICCI Seminar A Presentation Man-made Disasters versus Act of God by Mr. Yogesh Lohiya CMD, GIC Re 11th August 2010, New Delhi
Section I Act of God? -A Global Perspective
DisastersNatural Vs Man-made • Man-made (generally localized) Industrial accidents. • Natural (Act of God) (area of spread is vast) Earthquakes/ Tsunami/ Cyclones. • High Volume of losses in both cases. • Mitigation (long term process) & relief measures (immediate) cannot be largely different. • Preventive measures are not a general trend and largely ignored by the society.
DisastersNatural Vs Man-made • People do not voluntarily adopt simple and cost effective loss prevention measures • Underestimate the likelihood of a disaster more so happening to them. • Myopic behavior impedes the process of loss prevention. • Faith in the government to take steps to prevent & protect from disasters.
Catastrophes : Some Facts • There are twice as many people on Earth today as there were in 1950. • A greater concentration of values than in 1950. • 4 times more globally • 6 times more in third world countries • Most of the growth concentrated in coastal areas • More prone to weather risks (cyclones)
Catastrophes: Some Facts • Catastrophes are more frequent now • 3 fold increase in numbers as in 1950 • Catastrophes are more severe in intensity • 8 fold increase in severity as in 1950 • Increase in insured losses- 15 X.
Catastrophes in 2009 • Total Catastrophes: 288 • Natural Catastrophes: 133 • Man made Catastrophes: 155 • Loss of lives: 15,000 • Natural Catastrophes: 9,000 • Man made Catastrophes: 6,000
Number of Cat Events-1970-2009 Swiss Re, sigma No 1/2010
Nat Cats in 2009 • Hydrological disasters (floods) remained the most common disasters in 2009, accounting for 53.7 percent. • Followed by storms (hurricanes) accounting for 25.4 percent. • Geophysical disasters (earthquakes, volcanoes) accounted for 2.7 percent.
Catastrophes in 2009 • Economic damages: US $ 62 billion • Natural Catastrophes: US $ 41 billion • Man made Catastrophes: US $ 21 billion • Cost of Man-made disasters (insured losses): US $ 4 billion
Section II Exposure to Natural Catastrophes in India
INDIA – Vulnerability To Natural Catastrophes • Indian sub-continent considered one of the most hazard-prone countries in the world • 85% of land area vulnerable to various types of Natural Catastrophes
EARTHQUAKES • Seismically active • 59% of prone to EQs • Four EQs above 8 & ten above 7.5 on Richter Scale in the last 100 years. • Seven in the last 2 decades • Dense Population & Old Construction adds to the problem.
CYCLONES • 8041 km long coastline • Large Coastline; large population; large destruction. • Tropical Cyclones generally strike Eastern coast • Western Coast too is struck • Thunderstorms (Nor’westers) common in NE, NW, Central & SW India • Cyclone associated strong winds & rains compound the destruction. • Floods & Coastal Inundations too are a risk. • 15 cyclones have struck the Indian coast in last 100 years.
FLOODS • India is the 2nd most flood affected country after Bangladesh • 40 mln hectares land mass prone to floods; 8 mln hectares affected annually. • Rising population; developmental activities in flood plains make it more disastrous. • Climate change also makes weather volatile leading to disasters. • Avg. Annual Loss: US$ 400Mln. • Urban Floods & Inundations are a new phenomena now. • Mumbai Floods (2005)
Section III Are Natural Catastrophes Act of God?
Cat Events in India • “Disastrous Weather Event” in Leh on 6.8.10 • IOC Jaipur Fire 2009 • Mahul Oil Installations in Mumbai • Surat Floods 2005 • Mumbai Floods 2005 • Plague/H1N1 Flu/ Bird Flu- 1994/ 2009 & 2010
Catastrophic Events- Impact on India • Loss of Life & Property on a large scale • Majority of the affected uninsured • Direct Losses due to natural disasters amount to (average per annum)- • 2% of India’s Gross Domestic Product • 12% of Federal Government’s Revenues • All alleviation/ mitigation efforts post-event • Disruption of Trade & Commerce
Catastrophic Events- Impact on India • Some of the worst CAT losses have occurred in India • Top in natural-disaster-caused mortality in 2009: 1806 victims in India • Low values & Low penetration are the causes • Catastrophe Risk Mapping is not complete • Detailed data is not available • Geographical Position makes us vulnerable to events occurring in neighbouring areas. • (Tsunami/ Earthquakes)
