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OPERANT CONDITIONING

B.F. Skinner. OPERANT CONDITIONING. Operant Conditioning. Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the ____________________________ EDWARD THORNDIKE’S LAW OF EFFECT. CONSEQUENCES.

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

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  1. B.F. Skinner OPERANT CONDITIONING

  2. Operant Conditioning • Responses become more or less likely to occur depending on the ____________________________ EDWARD THORNDIKE’S LAW OF EFFECT CONSEQUENCES

  3. Responses which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be…more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed b discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal,…be less likely to occur. (Thorndike, 1911)

  4. OPERANT CONDITIONING • Cat in the box • Food outside the box • Cat must activate a rope pulley to open the box • Each time, the cat got out a little faster

  5. 2 Essential Elements to Operant Conditioning 1) OPERANT RESPONSE: the method of how one reacts to a situation 2) CONSEQUENCE: ► Follows a behavior – increases or decreases the behavior Best if used: Immediately

  6. 2 Types of Consequences STRENGTHEN REINFORCERS _______________ the likelihood of the behavior INCREASE

  7. 2 Types of Consequences PUNISHERS _______________ the likelihood of the behavior Weaken DECREASE

  8. IMPORTANT!!!

  9. Operant Conditioning REWARD • Reinforcement = _________________ • Can be either POSITIVE or NEGATIVE

  10. WARNING!!! Do NOT think of them as GOOD and BAD ADDING SUBTRACTING

  11. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Adding Good ______________ something _________ to encourage a behavior EXAMPLE: A+

  12. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT • QUICKLY… Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT!

  13. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Removing Bad ______________ something _________ to encourage a behavior EXAMPLE:

  14. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT • QUICKLY… Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT!

  15. POSITIVE & NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENT ___________________ A BEHAVIOR!!! INCREASE

  16. Punishment Adding Bad ______________ something _________ OR ______________ something _________ Removing Good

  17. PUNISHMENT • QUICKLY… Turn to your neighbor and brainstorm 2 other examples of PUNISHMENT! One for adding something bad, another for removing something good

  18. PUNISHMENT PUNISHMENT ALWAYS __________________ A BEHAVIOR!!! DECREASES

  19. EFFECTIVE PUNISHMENT IS: SWIFT • ___________: should occur IMMEDIATELY! • ___________: effective but not cruel • ___________: consistent punishment for consistent deviant behavior. SUFFICIENT CERTAIN

  20. PUNISHMENT DRAWBACKS:“The 4 R’s of Punishment” • 1) RESENTMENT: “This is unfair…I don’t trust authority” • 2) REVENGE: “They are winning now, but I’ll get even!” • 3) REBELLION: “I’ll do the opposite just to prove I don’t have to do it your way” • 4) RETREAT: Sneakiness – “I won’t get caught next time!” Low Self-Esteem – “I’m a bad person”

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