BELLWORK: October 28 th

1. BELLWORK: October 28th Who was John Calvin? How did his beliefs differ from Luther? (page 372) What is a theocracy? How was this used in Calvinism? How were the Anabaptists different than Protestants? Define baroque. THINKER: Make a prediction  How did the Catholic Church respond to the growing popularity of Protestantism?

2. Catholic Reformation • Many countries in Europe remained Catholic during the Protestant Reformation. • Catholic power was threatened by Protestant’s increasing popularity. • To counter this, the Catholic Church decided to enact its own reforms  Counter-Reformation • The Catholic Reformation eliminated indulgences, established seminaries, introduced censorship & reestablished pope authority within the Church.

3. Pope Paul III and the Council of Trent

4. Baroque: new style of art & architecture that stressed emotion, complexity, and exaggeration for dramatic effect The Arts

6. The Tudor Dynasty English Monarchs: 1485-1603

7. Partner Discussion Why is it so important for monarchs to keep a pure blood line? How would they do this? Why would someone agree to an arranged marriage? What is the difference between a divorce and an annulment? How do you think the Catholic Church viewed divorce?

8. Introduction to the Tudors • Henry VIII is the most controversial king in all of history. • He is solely responsible for England’s separation from the Catholic Church. • This break from the church was NOT brought on by the corruption of the pope or society • ………it was brought on by lust. • King Henry VIII had six wives and this is their story and how it relates to a new church in England.

10. The beginning: Henry VII • Henry VII was king and had two sons – Henry and Arthur. • Since Arthur was the eldest, he was heir to the throne. • Arthur married Catherine of Aragon (Spain), but died four months after their wedding. • Catherine said their marriage had never been consummated and was granted an annulment from the Catholic church. • She then married the new King of England – HENRY VIII. (Arthur’s brother)

11. Catherine of Aragon • Now, Catherine and Henry VIII were going to try for their own heir to the throne – by having a son. • Catherine had 2 stillborns, 1 miscarriage, and 2 sons that died less than a year old. • Finally, she had a child that lived! • Only problem was……….it was a girl – Mary. • The couple continued to try, but Catherine was 40 and beyond child-bearing age. • Henry became desperate and started an affair with Mary Boleyn, but she too could not conceive a child.

13. Problems Ahead….. • After numerous mistresses, he fell in love with Anne Boleyn. (Mary’s sister/Catherine’s maid) • Henry VIII began to petition the pope for an annulment to his marriage with Catherine. • This argument went on for six years. It was against their religion and Catherine wanted to secure her daughter Mary’s spot as the heir. • Things came to a head in 1533 when Anne became pregnant. • To avoid any questions about the child’s legitimacy, Henry had to act quick.

15. BELLWORK: Block 1 Read about the changes made during the counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation on pages 374-375. Why did the situation in Europe seem unfavorable to the Catholic Church? Explain the three elements that supported the Catholic Reformation. List three effects of the Catholic Reformation. (What did they change?)

16. The Break from the Catholic Church • His solution was to the reject the power of the Pope in England and have Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, grant the annulment. • HENRY VIII then created The Church of England (Anglican) – this FOREVER changed religion. • In his new church, he divorced Catherine, demoted her as queen and kicked her out of England. • He married Anne Boleyn in January 1533 and she became the new Queen of England.

17. Anne Boleyn • The couple became excited for their first child that would hopefully become the heir, but……… • It was a girl – Elizabeth • They kept trying, but Anne had two miscarriages. • The pressure was on to have a son, especially since Henry VIII had shown interest in Jane Seymour. • The majority of England was unhappy with Anne’s influence on leaving the church; so they began to plot against her.

18. Anne Boleyn • In May 1536, Anne and her brother were arrested on charges of incest, adultery and plotting against the king. • Even though the charges were false, the king approved of their executions. • Before the execution, Henry declared their marriage was dissolved and “invalid” • Anne was beheaded on May 19th.

19. Jane Seymour • On the same day as Anne Boleyn’s execution, Jane Seymour moved in with Henry. • The two were married on May 30, 1536. • 11 days after Anne’s execution • Two years later, Jane became pregnant. • Henry hoped for a boy since he considered Jane his “true wife.” • In October 1538 a son was born! • Edward was now the official heir to the throne. • Jane died two weeks later.

21. Anne of Cleves • Henry stayed single for over two years due to his true love for Jane. • The split from Rome left England isolated, so he needed the possibility of a bride to secure an alliance. • He made a deal with the Duke of Cleves (France) to marry his sister, Anne. • Immediately after their marriage, Henry wanted out. • She was not literate and extremely unattractive. • She knew there would be trouble if she didn’t agree with the king. Therefore, she said her marriage had never been consummated and they were divorced.

23. Kathryn Howard • Sixteen days after his divorce with Anne, Henry took his fifth wife, Kathryn Howard, on July 28, 1540. • Henry was 49 and Kathryn was 19. • Kathryn was Anne Boleyn’s cousin (Henry’s 2nd wife) • Less than a year into Kathryn's marriage, the rumors of infidelity began. • There was enough evidence that the queen had been an unfaithful wife. • She was executed on February 13, 1542.

25. Henry’s Final Years • Katherine Parr became Henry’s 6th wife in July 1543. • She was very close with her three stepchildren, Mary, Elizabeth and Edward. • Henry VIII died in January 1547. • Edward VI, Henry’s only son (with Jane Seymour) became the new king of England, at 10 years old. • Unfortunately, Edward became ill and died five years later. • Who would rule England now?

27. Queen Mary I • After Edward’s death, Henry VIII’s first daughter (with Catherine of Aragon) ruled over England – Queen Mary I. • During her ruling, Mary did something extremely controversial….. • She restored England to Roman Catholicism!!! • Many people disapproved of this, but Mary burned any people who spoke out. • This is how she got the nickname “Bloody Mary.” • Mary I died in 1558 with no heir to the throne. • Who would rule next?

29. Queen Elizabeth I • After Mary’s death, Henry’s last child (with Anne Boleyn) became the new queen – Elizabeth I. • For the past two years, Elizabeth had been imprisoned after Mary accused her of heresy. • The first thing she did as queen was restore the church back to Protestantism (Anglican). • This becomes The Church of England, as it is today. • Elizabeth I dies in 1603. • After five rulers, six wives, and the dramatic change in religion…. All of Henry’s decedents had passed and England was ruled by James I, from a completely different family.

31. CLOSURE • Summarize the life of HENRY VIII. • SUMMARIZE!!! Don’t include too many details. • Include marriages, divorces, deaths, executions and children. • Can be either a timeline or family tree.

32. Review: Reformation To review over Reformation, you will complete a cause/effect chart in your notes. Think of this as an overview of the unit! Causes  Why did Reformation happen? Problems? Demands? New ideas? Effects  What changed because of Reformation? Protestantism? Calvinism? Counter-Reformation?