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Evolution of Plants: From Fungi to Angiosperms - A Journey Through Generations

Explore the evolution of plants from fungi to angiosperms in this detailed journey through the alternation of generations, fertilization, and reproduction processes. Learn about key stages like meiosis, spore production, and germination, and discover the diverse plant groups that have evolved over millions of years.

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Evolution of Plants: From Fungi to Angiosperms - A Journey Through Generations

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  1. Fungi Animals Charophyte algae Plants

  2. 30 nm

  3. Alternation of generations Gamete from another plant Gametophyte (n) Mitosis Mitosis n n n n Spore Gamete MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Zygote 2n Key Haploid (n) Sporophyte (2n) Mitosis Diploid (2n) Multicellular, dependent embryos Embryo Maternal tissue Wall ingrowths 2 m Placental transfer cell (blue outline) 10 m

  4. Spores Sporangium Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Sporophyte Gametophyte

  5. Sporangia 25 m 2 cm Rhizoids

  6. Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 60 m Mycelium

  7. Plant cell wall Fungal hypha Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Haustorium

  8. Key Haploid (n) PLASMOGAMY Heterokaryotic Heterokaryotic stage Diploid (2n) Spore- producing structures KARYOGAMY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium Zygote GERMINATION MEIOSIS GERMINATION Spores

  9. Chytrids (1,000 species) Hyphae 25 m Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Glomeromycetes (160 species) 2.5 m Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

  10. 1 2 3 Liverworts Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Origin of land plants ANCESTRAL GREEN ALGA Land plants Mosses Hornworts Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Seedless vascular plants Origin of vascular plants Vascular plants Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Gymnosperms Origin of extant seed plants Seed plants Angiosperms 500 350 450 400 300 50 0 Millions of years ago (mya)

  11. Sporophyte (a) Plagiochila deltoidea, a liverwort Gametophyte (c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort Sporophyte (a sturdy plant that takes months to grow) Capsule Seta Gametophyte (b) Polytrichum commune, a moss

  12. 2.5 cm 2.5 cm Strobili (conelike structures in which spores are produced) (a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a lycophyte (b) Athyrium filix-femina, a monilophyte

  13. PLANT GROUP Ferns and other seedless vascular plants Mosses and other nonvascular plants Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) Reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living) Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition Gametophyte Dominant Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition Sporophyte Dominant Dominant Angiosperm Gymnosperm Sporophyte (2n) Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Sporophyte (2n) Gametophyte (n) Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Example Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside pollen cone Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n) Gametophyte (n)

  14. Immature ovulate cone Integument (2n) Seed coat Female gametophyte (n) Megaspore (n) Spore wall Spore wall Egg nucleus (n) Food supply (n) Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Megasporangium (2n) Male gametophyte Pollen grain (n) Pollen tube Embryo (2n) Micropyle (c) Gymnosperm seed (a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule

  15. (b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (c) Creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis)

  16. Stigma Carpel Stamen Anther Style Filament Ovary Petal Sepal Ovule

  17. A foliose (leaflike) lichen Crustose (encrusting) lichens (a) Two common lichen growth forms 50 m Fungal hyphae Algal cell (b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungus and an alga

  18. Results Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P) Both endophyte and pathogen present (EP) 30 15 20 10 Leaf area damaged (%) Leaf mortality (%) 5 10 0 0 EP E−P E−P EP

  19. (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (a) Corn smut on corn (c) Ergots on rye

  20. (a) A satellite image from 2000 shows clear-cut areas in Brazil (brown) surrounded by dense tropical forest (green). (b) By 2009, much more of this same tropical forest had been cut down. 4 km

  21. Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Time since divergence from common ancestor Common ancestor “Bilateral” clade Compare numbers of species “Radial” clade

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