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Lecture 11

Lecture 11. Chapter 7 (Cont’d). Oil Spill Cleanup. Spill Cleanup. Oil Spills. 1989-Largest US oil spill in history Exxon Valdez 11 million gallons of crude oil Wide spread oil slick Killed hundreds of thousands of birds Damaged the fishing industry

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Lecture 11

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  1. Lecture 11 Chapter 7 (Cont’d)

  2. Oil Spill Cleanup Spill Cleanup

  3. Oil Spills 1989-Largest US oil spill in history • Exxon Valdez • 11 million gallons of crude oil • Wide spread oil slick • Killed hundreds of thousands of birds • Damaged the fishing industry • Since spill, some species have made a full recovery, while others have not • Completed cleanup in 1992 at cost of $45MM

  4. 1991 • Persian Gulf War • 60 to 250 MM gallons of oil dumped into Persian Gulf to foil amphibious landing • 600 wells set on fire • Consumed 4.6 million barrels per day • Added 20,000 tons of SO2 per day

  5. Offshore Drilling Rig

  6. Offshore Drilling • Cost 10 times more than land drilling • In Gulf, drill in 2 mile deep water • Can drill to depths of 6 miles • Moored to sea bed and computer actuated thrusters hold the platform in place • When hurricanes threaten, all piping is pulled out of the hole to prevent leakage during high seas

  7. Alaska Natural Wildlife Refuge

  8. Natural Gas Usage

  9. US Consumption vs. Production of Natural Gas

  10. Coal Consumption In US

  11. Short ton or also known as ton: 2000 lbs • Long ton: 2240 lbs or 20 hundredweights, but a hundredweight is 112 pounds (which is equal to 8 stone) in the Imperial system (long or gross hundredweight) and 100 pounds in the US system (short or net hundredweight).

  12. Coal Deposits in US

  13. Long Wall Miner

  14. Strip Mining

  15. Shovel

  16. Drag Line

  17. Future Uses of Coal • Direct conversion of coal to combustible gas known as gasification • First used commercially in early 1800s • Leaves sulfur in residue • New techniques produce a product of high Btu content compared to about 500 Btu/ft3 • Direct conversion of coal to oil or synoil • Mastered by Germany during WWII

  18. Unusual Products from Coal Tar • Prid Healing Ointment • Application would bring splinters to the surface • Cause infection to rise to the surface for better treatment • FDA called for the removal of the coal tar and the effectiveness of the drug was significantly diminished • Dandruff Shampoo • Contained coal tar for years

  19. Seismic Exploration • Seismic Reflectance Surveys • Gravity Surveys • Geomagnetic Surveys

  20. Table 7-4, p. 237

  21. Fig. 7-23, p. 239

  22. Seismic Generator

  23. Fig. 7-24, p. 239

  24. Seismic Reflectance Mapping

  25. 3-D Seismic Image

  26. 3-D Seismic Model

  27. Fishnet 3-D

  28. 3-D Imaging of Seismic Exploration

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