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Lesson 8 World War I: End of the War, Seeds of the Next

Lesson 8 World War I: End of the War, Seeds of the Next. Turn off cell phones!. Lesson Objectives. • Understand the situation Germany faced as it entered 1918. • Be able to describe the changes in the war on the Western front in 1918.

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Lesson 8 World War I: End of the War, Seeds of the Next

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  1. Lesson 8 World War I: End of the War, Seeds of the Next

  2. Turn off cell phones!

  3. Lesson Objectives • Understand the situation Germany faced as it entered 1918. • Be able to describe the changes in the war on the Western front in 1918. • Understand the role the US played in the fighting in Europe. • Be able to describe the operations of the US military in Europe in the years immediately following the armistice. • Be able to discuss the major provisions of the Versailles Treaty and how this document sowed the seeds for World War II.

  4. Phases of World War I 1914 - Maneuver and Frustration 1915 - Search for New Solutions 1916 - Attrition 1917 - Desperation and Anticipation 1918 - Dénouement

  5. Review of the War August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins Sept 5-10, 1914 “Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion halted October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front 1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli) 1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun

  6. Review of the War Feb - Dec 1916 Battle of Verdun (German Offensive) Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive) Jul - Nov 1916 Late 1916 Germany realizes it cannot win • Adopts strategy to wear down Britain • strong defense • stormtrooper tactics • unrestricted submarine warfare

  7. Review of the War Feb - Dec 1916 Battle of Verdun (German Offensive) Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive) Jul - Nov 1916 1 Feb 1917 German decision for unrestricted sub warfare 24 Feb 1917 Zimmerman Telegram revealed Germans withdraw to Hindenburg Line Mar 1917 6 April 1917 US declares war on Germany

  8. The Yanks Are Coming! 8:07  Video

  9. The Commanders Enlisted for the Franco-Prussian War (1870) Commissioned from École Polytechnique 1873 Cautioned against reckless attacks in writings Corps commander in Battle of the Frontiers 1914 Appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Armies March 26,1918 Marshal Ferdinand Foch 1851-1929

  10. The Commanders West Point Class of 1886 Combat Experience Indian Wars Spanish-American War Philippine-American War Russo-Japanese War (observer) Mexican Punitive Expedition World War I General of the Armies John J. Pershing 1860 - 1948 Promoted by President T. Roosevelt (1905) Captain => Brigadier General Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (1917-1919)

  11. The Commanders French wanted to integrate US forces into their formations Pershing insisted on US formations integrated into Allied command

  12. Western Front 1917 Germans retire to Hindenburg Line Mar 1917

  13. Passchendaele Third Battle of Ypres July - November 1917 British offensive Strategic Objectives Further bleed the German army Capture German submarine bases Remove German bomber threat Ghotha bomber First raid June 13, 1917

  14. Passchendaele Third Battle of Ypres July - November 1917 Battlefield was reclaimed marshland - damp in dry weather “Flanders Fields” Area experienced heaviest rains in decades as battle started Battlefield became a sea of mud

  15. Passchendaele Third Battle of Ypres July - November 1917 Another bloodbath UK Germany 348,300 Total Casualties * 508,800 * Numbers very controversial British commander, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig believed the Germans could not tolerate the losses as well as the British could Haig

  16. Western Front 1917 British breakthrough at Cambrai Nov 1917

  17. Eastern Front Meanwhile, …

  18. Eastern Front Huge Russian losses exacerbated social unrest Tzar at the front; tzarina not able to exercise control Russian Revolution (1917) effectively took Russia out of the war Dec 15, 1917 - Russia negotiated armistice with Central Powers • Began negotiations for peace treaty one week later

  19. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 3, 1918 Ended war between Russia & Central Powers Russia ceded large territory to Germany Most significant: One million German troops released to Western Front

  20. Strumtruppen Stormtroopers Special weapons & equipment Machinegewehr 18 MG18 Schmeiser Body Armor

  21. Strumtruppen Stormtroopers Bypassed strong points to attack from rear Blitzkrieg http://www.bellum.nu/basics/concepts/blitzkrieg.htm Strumtruppen http://www.worldwar1.com/arm011.htm

  22. Strumtruppen Stormtroopers Major impact during Offensive of 1918 but … Too little, too late! A

  23. Western Front 1917-1918 Spring Offensive ~500,000 US troops in France by March 1918 … and increasing by 300,000/month Last ditch effort by Germany German Spring Offensive March 21 - July 18, 1918 Ludendorff Offensive or Kaiserschlacht

  24. Western Front 1917-1918 Final Allied Offensive Aug-Nov 1918

  25. Western Front 1917-1918 Allied offensive Aug-Nov 1918

  26. Americans In Europe German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918

  27. Battle of Cantiny May 28, 1918 German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918

  28. Battle of Cantiny May 28, 1918 First offensive action by US troops in France 28th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division (3,500 men) · Supported by French artillery, Schneider tanks US took 1,000 casualties (dead, wounded, missing) German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918

  29. Battle of Belleu Wood June 1-26, 1918 German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918

  30. Battle of Belleu Wood June 1-26, 1918 Allied Casualties: 1,800 dead, 8,000 wounded 2nd Division 3nd Division French, British elements

  31. Battle of Belleu Wood Where legends were born 2nd Division 4th U. S. Marines Battle of Belleu Wood - June 1918 Frank Schoonover

  32. Battle of Belleu Wood Battle of Belleu Wood - June 1918

  33. Battle of Château-Thierry July 16, 1918 German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918

  34. Battle of Château-Thierry July 16, 1918

  35. Battle of Saint-Mihiel September 12-15, 1918 Allied Offensive - 1918

  36. Battle of Saint-Mihiel September 12-15, 1918

  37. Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 26-November 11, 1918 Allied Offensive - 1918

  38. Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 26-November 11, 1918

  39. Americans In Europe US soldiers escort German prisoners

  40. Armistice Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918

  41. Armistice Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918

  42. Irony French surrendered at Compiègne – June 20, 1940 Same place, same railroad car

  43. Occupation of Germany Allied Occupation Zones

  44. Occupation of Germany U.S. artillerymen cross the Rhine River for occupation duty Late November 1918

  45. The Cost of War

  46. The Cost of War Participants Deaths US 4,744,000 126,000

  47. The Cost of War All Nations By number of dead

  48. The Cost of War All Nations By percent mobilized

  49. The Cost of War Tyne Cote Cemetery (Ypres) Belgium Somme American Cemetery

  50. The Cost of War Douaumont Ossuary Verdun Contains the bones of an estimated 130,000 unidentified French and German soldiers

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