Launching a New Nation – Start Test 2

1. Launching a New Nation – Start Test 2 vs

2. Articles of Confederation (AoC) • Approved in 1781 (is the war over yet?) • 1st written new government • Called for a weak central gov and strong state gov.(Who holds the power with AOC?) • Why would the Americans want to set up a weak government?

3. Strengths of AoC • Unified the former colonies • Congress could sign treaties, raise an army and declare war

4. Weaknesses of AoC • Congress must petition states for money • Congress cannot tax, regulate trade or collect tariffs • Each state only had 1 vote in congress regardless of size or population

5. Issues Facing the Government • Debts - Paying back war debts (50 million) • Money and Trade- Each state printed its own $ $$, problems trading between states • Mercantilism – the belief that a nations power was a product of wealth (trade)

6. More Problems • Foreign relations - no unified support • Land dispute - Western land disputes and extension of state territories • Unity - no national unity

7. Land Dispute Issues: Northwest Territory • Continental Congress gained right to control national domain, meaning federal govt. decides who gets to settle new territory • Desired Land included: Wisconsin Michigan Illinois Indiana Ohio

8. Northwest Ordinance • Sets precedent for creating states. • Includes: surveying and dividing land • Declares Slavery Illegal in Northwest Territory

9. Becoming a State • Requirements for Statehood admission as a new state • Appoint a territory governor • 5,000 voting residents – write a temporary constitution and elect a governor • Total population reached 60,000 free inhabitants – write a constitution and apply

10. Land Ordinances transformed the landscape of the Northwest and later the rest of the USA.

11. Shay’s Rebellion • Shays’ Rebellion – 1786 • protest of farmers due to being in debt from paying high taxes to pay off A.R. war debt. • consider themselves victims of Revolution

12. Importance:Showed the national governments weak ability to govern in a major situation or crisis. • How does Shay’s Rebellion affect the debate over having a strong central govt. verse having a strong state government?

13. Time to fix the government • Delegates for 12 states get together in Philadelphia in May 1787 at Constitutional Convention • Lasted 4 months

15. Constitutional Convention Purpose – to figure out how to make the government run betterMembers – Founding FathersJames Madison – known as Father of ConstitutionDebating - over how to fix the AOC or if they should replace the AOCThe Battle of - Big vs. Small states - Federal vs. State govt. - South vs. North

16. VA Plan NJ Plan Great Compromise • Legislature would have 2 houses. • House of Representatives • Senate • Bicameral House • Senate: equal • Representation • equal vote - 1 • House: Rep. / Voting • based on population • Called for creation of executive and judiciary branches • Congress could tax and regulate foreign and interstate commerce Legislature should have two houses (bi-cameral) Representation: based on population Voting Rights: based on population Legislature should have one house. (unicameral) Representation: Equal – 1 representative per state Voting Rights: Equal – 1 vote per state BIG SMALL

17. Compromises • 3/5ths Compromise – 3/5ths of a slave states population would be counted in determining its representation. • Commerce Compromise – Slaves could be imported until the end of 1807. Congress gained the right to use tariffs on imported goods.

18. 3 Branches of Government • Legislative Branch – Power to Make the Laws • Executive Branch – Power to Enforce the Laws • Judicial Branch – Power to Interpret the Laws

19. Supremacy Clause – Federal Law written in Constitution trumps State Law Federal Rule States Rule

20. Ratification Federalist v. Anti Federalist - Federalist - favored the Constitution (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison)-Anti-federalist - against the Constitution because it did not contain a bill of rights (against strong central gov’t) (Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Sam Adams)

21. Ratification cont… Ratification (to approve Constitution) - needed 9 of 13 states to agree to put into actionFederalist papers - written by Hamilton, Jay & Madison - 85 essays defending the Constitution - helped turn people in favor of the Constitution – like VA and NYConstitution ratified in 1789 and Bill of Rights was added in 1791.

22. What is Federalism ? • Political philosophy • Powers are shared between national and state governments • Sovereignty (power to rule self) - constitutional split power between the state and central gov’t on some issues

24. Checks and Balance System System designed to keep all branches of government equal - each branch has equal powers - no one branch has more power than the other - Checks and Balances system establishes separation of powers among branches. What does Separation of Power mean? George Mason: “The purse and the sword must not be in the same hand”

26. First Presidency - George Washington was unanimously elected the first President.

27. Influences on the New Gov’t • Magna Carta • Rights of Englishmen • Colonial Charter - granted colonist Rights of Englishmen • House of Burgesses – first elected gov’t in colonies • Jamestown, Virginia 1619 stated in Declaration of Independence and Bill of rights

28. Judiciary Act of 1789 • created the judicial structure • set up Supreme Court • Washington develops Executive branch • no specific guidelines • First Cabinet established (Hamilton – Treasury, Jefferson – Secretary of State)

29. Debt and the Bank • Debts from Revolution still a problem • Lack of federal taxes due to AoC • Hamilton's Plan – tariffs and taxes to stabilize the economy

30. The Whiskey Rebellion • Tax on Whiskey hurts farmers living over the Appalachian Mountains • Rebellion happens as result • 1st challenge to the new government (Washington leads army and crushes it)

31. The Bank of the US • Hamilton established the Bank of the US in 1791 • It encourages growth (loans) • Hamilton uses the elastic clause to establish bank

33. Political Parties • Hamilton's Followers – Federalists • Jefferson’s Followers – Democrat-Republicans

34. The Debate Begins Hamilton Jefferson Strict constructionist(interpret word for word) Opposed bank because it was unconstitutional • Lose constructionist (read between lines of the Constitution) • Implied Powers • Bank is necessary &proper – elastic clause

35. The French Revolution Hamilton Jefferson Supports it French are forming a republic We signed a treaty of alliance in 1778 We owe them for their help in Revolution • Opposed • French are radicals and declare war on Great Britain • Hamilton supports GB and wants to improve relations with them

36. Washington's View • French Revolution – Neutrality, he does not want the new nation picking sides • Political Parties – against them, afraid it will divide nation

37. Washington's Foreign Policy • Jay’s Treaty – 1794 • Gives GB the right to seize American Ships bound for French ports during war • Does not pay American merchants • Pinckney’s Treaty – 1789 • Gives US right to navigate Mississippi River • US can store goods in New Orleans

38. Washington's Farewell Address • Gives US 3 Warnings • Avoid Sectionalism/Regionalism • Avoid Political Parties • Avoid Involvement in Foreign Wars

39. Other Advancements • Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin • Made cotton production more profitable • Opened cotton farming to the south • Increased demand for slaves in south • Eli Whitney also pushes the idea of interchangeable parts for guns

40. Election of 1796 • Adams vs. Jefferson in election of 1796 • Who wins? • Who becomes VP? • What does this election show about the growing danger of sectionalism?

41. Adam’s Controversies • Possible war with France due to Jay’s Treaty with British. • XYZ affair • 1798 undeclared war with France • Passes Alien and Seditions Acts

42. Alien and Sedition Acts • Passed because of controversy with France • Many immigrants favored the Democrat-Republicans (DR for short)

43. Acts passed by Federalist said: • Change citizenship requirement 5 to 14 years. • President could deport any alien seen as undesirable. • Jail term for those who said anything malicious against government that could not be proven. What rights does this violate?

44. Effect of Alien and Sedition Acts • Many pro DR journalists, writers arrested • They angered DR because they felt law targeted them • Idea of nullification surfaces with Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

45. Virginia Resolution • Virginia Resolution – Jefferson and Madison argue that a state may interpose between the federal government and the people to stop an action

46. Kentucky Resolution • Kentucky Resolution – argued that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law the states can nullify (declare invalid) it.

47. Election of 1800 • Adams vs. Jefferson vs. Burr • Jefferson and Burr tie • House of Representatives votes 36 times and finally elects Jefferson • Adams peacefully hands over power to Jefferson • key moment in US history

48. The 12th Amendment • Ratified in 1804 • Changed the electoral college to prevent issue that occurred in election of 1800 • Separate electoral ballots for President and Vice President – how is that different from today?

49. Marbury v. Madison • John Marshal was chief justice • Federalist from SC • Will he try to strengthen or weaken the federal government?

50. The Issue - Judiciary Act of 1801 • Passed by Adams Administration • Increased number of judges on the supreme court – known as the midnight judges • What is Adams trying to do?