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Launching a New Nation – Start Test 2

Explore the transition from Articles of Confederation to a stronger federal government through key historical events and debates. Understand the weaknesses and strengths of AoC, the challenges faced by the government, the Northwest Territory, Shay's Rebellion, and the Constitutional Convention. Learn about the formation of the Constitution, the significance of the Great Compromise, the three branches of government, the Supremacy Clause, and the importance of checks and balances. Discover the difference between Federalists and Anti-Federalists and the ratification process. Delve into the principles of Federalism, Separation of Powers, and the Checks and Balances system that shape the U.S. government today.

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Launching a New Nation – Start Test 2

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  1. Launching a New Nation – Start Test 2 vs

  2. Articles of Confederation (AoC) • Approved in 1781 (is the war over yet?) • 1st written new government • Called for a weak central gov and strong state gov.(Who holds the power with AOC?) • Why would the Americans want to set up a weak government?

  3. Strengths of AoC • Unified the former colonies • Congress could sign treaties, raise an army and declare war

  4. Weaknesses of AoC • Congress must petition states for money • Congress cannot tax, regulate trade or collect tariffs • Each state only had 1 vote in congress regardless of size or population

  5. Issues Facing the Government • Debts - Paying back war debts (50 million) • Money and Trade- Each state printed its own $ $$, problems trading between states • Mercantilism – the belief that a nations power was a product of wealth (trade)

  6. More Problems • Foreign relations - no unified support • Land dispute - Western land disputes and extension of state territories • Unity - no national unity

  7. Land Dispute Issues: Northwest Territory • Continental Congress gained right to control national domain, meaning federal govt. decides who gets to settle new territory • Desired Land included: Wisconsin Michigan Illinois Indiana Ohio

  8. Northwest Ordinance • Sets precedent for creating states. • Includes: surveying and dividing land • Declares Slavery Illegal in Northwest Territory

  9. Becoming a State • Requirements for Statehood admission as a new state • Appoint a territory governor • 5,000 voting residents – write a temporary constitution and elect a governor • Total population reached 60,000 free inhabitants – write a constitution and apply

  10. Land Ordinances transformed the landscape of the Northwest and later the rest of the USA.

  11. Shay’s Rebellion • Shays’ Rebellion – 1786 • protest of farmers due to being in debt from paying high taxes to pay off A.R. war debt. • consider themselves victims of Revolution

  12. Importance:Showed the national governments weak ability to govern in a major situation or crisis. • How does Shay’s Rebellion affect the debate over having a strong central govt. verse having a strong state government?

  13. Time to fix the government • Delegates for 12 states get together in Philadelphia in May 1787 at Constitutional Convention • Lasted 4 months

  14. Constitutional Convention Purpose – to figure out how to make the government run betterMembers – Founding FathersJames Madison – known as Father of ConstitutionDebating - over how to fix the AOC or if they should replace the AOCThe Battle of - Big vs. Small states - Federal vs. State govt. - South vs. North

  15. VA Plan NJ Plan Great Compromise • Legislature would have 2 houses. • House of Representatives • Senate • Bicameral House • Senate: equal • Representation • equal vote - 1 • House: Rep. / Voting • based on population • Called for creation of executive and judiciary branches • Congress could tax and regulate foreign and interstate commerce Legislature should have two houses (bi-cameral) Representation: based on population Voting Rights: based on population Legislature should have one house. (unicameral) Representation: Equal – 1 representative per state Voting Rights: Equal – 1 vote per state BIG SMALL

  16. Compromises • 3/5ths Compromise – 3/5ths of a slave states population would be counted in determining its representation. • Commerce Compromise – Slaves could be imported until the end of 1807. Congress gained the right to use tariffs on imported goods.

  17. 3 Branches of Government • Legislative Branch – Power to Make the Laws • Executive Branch – Power to Enforce the Laws • Judicial Branch – Power to Interpret the Laws

  18. Supremacy Clause – Federal Law written in Constitution trumps State Law Federal Rule States Rule

  19. Ratification Federalist v. Anti Federalist - Federalist - favored the Constitution (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison)-Anti-federalist - against the Constitution because it did not contain a bill of rights (against strong central gov’t) (Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Sam Adams)

  20. Ratification cont… Ratification (to approve Constitution) - needed 9 of 13 states to agree to put into actionFederalist papers - written by Hamilton, Jay & Madison - 85 essays defending the Constitution - helped turn people in favor of the Constitution – like VA and NYConstitution ratified in 1789 and Bill of Rights was added in 1791.

  21. What is Federalism ? • Political philosophy • Powers are shared between national and state governments • Sovereignty (power to rule self) - constitutional split power between the state and central gov’t on some issues

  22. Checks and Balance System System designed to keep all branches of government equal - each branch has equal powers - no one branch has more power than the other - Checks and Balances system establishes separation of powers among branches. What does Separation of Power mean? George Mason: “The purse and the sword must not be in the same hand”

  23. First Presidency - George Washington was unanimously elected the first President.

  24. Influences on the New Gov’t • Magna Carta • Rights of Englishmen • Colonial Charter - granted colonist Rights of Englishmen • House of Burgesses – first elected gov’t in colonies • Jamestown, Virginia 1619 stated in Declaration of Independence and Bill of rights

  25. Judiciary Act of 1789 • created the judicial structure • set up Supreme Court • Washington develops Executive branch • no specific guidelines • First Cabinet established (Hamilton – Treasury, Jefferson – Secretary of State)

  26. Debt and the Bank • Debts from Revolution still a problem • Lack of federal taxes due to AoC • Hamilton's Plan – tariffs and taxes to stabilize the economy

  27. The Whiskey Rebellion • Tax on Whiskey hurts farmers living over the Appalachian Mountains • Rebellion happens as result • 1st challenge to the new government (Washington leads army and crushes it)

  28. The Bank of the US • Hamilton established the Bank of the US in 1791 • It encourages growth (loans) • Hamilton uses the elastic clause to establish bank

  29. Political Parties • Hamilton's Followers – Federalists • Jefferson’s Followers – Democrat-Republicans

  30. The Debate Begins Hamilton Jefferson Strict constructionist(interpret word for word) Opposed bank because it was unconstitutional • Lose constructionist (read between lines of the Constitution) • Implied Powers • Bank is necessary &proper – elastic clause

  31. The French Revolution Hamilton Jefferson Supports it French are forming a republic We signed a treaty of alliance in 1778 We owe them for their help in Revolution • Opposed • French are radicals and declare war on Great Britain • Hamilton supports GB and wants to improve relations with them

  32. Washington's View • French Revolution – Neutrality, he does not want the new nation picking sides • Political Parties – against them, afraid it will divide nation

  33. Washington's Foreign Policy • Jay’s Treaty – 1794 • Gives GB the right to seize American Ships bound for French ports during war • Does not pay American merchants • Pinckney’s Treaty – 1789 • Gives US right to navigate Mississippi River • US can store goods in New Orleans

  34. Washington's Farewell Address • Gives US 3 Warnings • Avoid Sectionalism/Regionalism • Avoid Political Parties • Avoid Involvement in Foreign Wars

  35. Other Advancements • Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin • Made cotton production more profitable • Opened cotton farming to the south • Increased demand for slaves in south • Eli Whitney also pushes the idea of interchangeable parts for guns

  36. Election of 1796 • Adams vs. Jefferson in election of 1796 • Who wins? • Who becomes VP? • What does this election show about the growing danger of sectionalism?

  37. Adam’s Controversies • Possible war with France due to Jay’s Treaty with British. • XYZ affair • 1798 undeclared war with France • Passes Alien and Seditions Acts

  38. Alien and Sedition Acts • Passed because of controversy with France • Many immigrants favored the Democrat-Republicans (DR for short)

  39. Acts passed by Federalist said: • Change citizenship requirement 5 to 14 years. • President could deport any alien seen as undesirable. • Jail term for those who said anything malicious against government that could not be proven. What rights does this violate?

  40. Effect of Alien and Sedition Acts • Many pro DR journalists, writers arrested • They angered DR because they felt law targeted them • Idea of nullification surfaces with Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

  41. Virginia Resolution • Virginia Resolution – Jefferson and Madison argue that a state may interpose between the federal government and the people to stop an action

  42. Kentucky Resolution • Kentucky Resolution – argued that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law the states can nullify (declare invalid) it.

  43. Election of 1800 • Adams vs. Jefferson vs. Burr • Jefferson and Burr tie • House of Representatives votes 36 times and finally elects Jefferson • Adams peacefully hands over power to Jefferson • key moment in US history

  44. The 12th Amendment • Ratified in 1804 • Changed the electoral college to prevent issue that occurred in election of 1800 • Separate electoral ballots for President and Vice President – how is that different from today?

  45. Marbury v. Madison • John Marshal was chief justice • Federalist from SC • Will he try to strengthen or weaken the federal government?

  46. The Issue - Judiciary Act of 1801 • Passed by Adams Administration • Increased number of judges on the supreme court – known as the midnight judges • What is Adams trying to do?

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