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Chapter 6:

Chapter 6:. Infancy: Social & Emotional Development. Attachment:. Our insight into socioemotional development came from Erickson. During the first stage of development, he believed the infant needs to learn Trust vs. Mistrust, which forms the basis of attachment.

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Chapter 6:

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  1. Chapter 6: Infancy: Social & Emotional Development

  2. Attachment: • Our insight into socioemotional development came from Erickson. • During the first stage of development, he believed the infant needs to learn Trust vs. Mistrust, which forms the basis of attachment. • Attachment is one of the key variables in the social and personality development of an infant.

  3. What is Attachment? • An enduring emotional bond between one animal or person and another. • Essential to the survival of the infant. • Babies are born with behaviors that stimulate care giving from adults. (crying, smiling, clinging)

  4. Attachment, cont. • Infants try to maintain contact with caregivers to whom they are attached. How? a. Eye contact b. Pull and tug at caregiver c. Ask to be picked up

  5. Separation Anxiety: • When contact cannot be maintained with caregiver a child will thrash about, fuss, cry, screech, or whine.

  6. Strange Situations Method: • Ainsworth (1978) developed the strange situation method as a way of measuring the development of attachment. • The infant is exposed to a series of separations and reunions with a caregiver, (usually the mother) and a stranger, and the infants behavior is examined.

  7. The Strange Situation

  8. Patterns of Attachment: • Infants are either securely or insecurely attached. Secure attachment: 1. Secure: Mild protest at mom’s leaving, seek interaction/comfort readily upon her return. Insecure Attachment: 2. Avoidant: Least distressed by their mothers absence, ignore mom upon her return. 3. Resistant/Ambivalent: Severe signs of distress when mom leaves, and ambivalence when she returns. (clinging then push her away) 4. Disorganized/Disoriented: Dazed, confused, disoriented behavior that seems contradictory. (Move to mother while looking away)

  9. Establishing Attachment: • Attachment is related to the quality of infant care. • Parents of securely attached infants are more affectionate, cooperative, and predictable, and respond more sensitively to their infants smiles and cries. • Children of secure mothers showed the most secure attachment themselves. “intergenerational attachment” • Siblings generally develop similar attachment to mother • Security is also related to the infants temperament. The mothers of “difficult” children are less responsive to them and report feeling more distant from them.

  10. Involvement of Fathers: • Fathers are much more engaged that in the past • Mothers engage in more interactions with their infants. • Fathers are more likely to play with their children, than to feed or clean them. • Fathers exhibit rough and tumble play; mom exhibits play with toys or patty-cake/peek-a-boo • The more affectionate the interaction is between father & infant, the stronger the attachment.

  11. Do You Agree With This? • A child’s attachment with their father can be predicted by….. The number of diapers He changes?

  12. Did You Know: • Early attachment patterns tend to endure into middle childhood, adolescence, and even adulthood.

  13. Harlow Experiment (1966):

  14. Harlow Monkey Experiment:

  15. Social Deprivation: • Experiments using monkeys: The Harlow infant monkeys were reared without seeing any other animal, monkey, or human. • When these monkeys aged, they tended to avoid other monkeys, and cowered in their presence and did not fend off attacks from other monkeys. • Females who bore children tended to ignore or abuse them.

  16. Social Deprivation, cont. • Studies with children: Institutionalized children whose material needs were met but who receive little social stimulation from caregivers encounter problems in their physical, intellectual, social, and emotional development. • They tend to develop a syndrome characterized by withdrawal and depression, they show progressively less interest in their world and become progressively inactive. Some of them die.

  17. Genie (Aka: The Feral Child) Genie: An Abused Child's Flight from Silence

  18. Emotional Development in Infants: • It is unclear how many emotions babies have, (cause they cannot tell us how they are feeling) • Facial expressions in infants appear to be universal in that they are recognized in different cultures around the world and are considered a reliable index of emotion. • As infants develop through the first year, their cognitive appraisal of events/interactions with caregivers becomes a key part of their emotional life and their emotional expression.

  19. Stranger Anxiety: • Most infants develop it, and it is totally normal. • Appears at 6-9 mo, peaks at 9-12 mo and declines the second year.

  20. Emotional Regulation: • The ways in which young children control their own emotions. (look away from disturbing event, suck thumb, blanket, etc.) • Caregivers help infants learn to regulate their emotions • Securely attached children tend to regulate their emotions in a more positive manner. Now I feel better!

  21. Personality Development: • Self concept: Emerges gradually during infancy • Studied using the “mirror technique”

  22. Why is the Development of Self Concept Important? • Because self awareness affects the infant’s social and emotional development. How? • Knowledge of the self allows the infant and child to develop notions of sharing and cooperation. It also facilitates the development of self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, envy, empathy, pride, guilt, and shame.

  23. Sex Differences in Personality/Behavior: • Infant girls tend to advance more rapidly in their motor development. • Girls/boys are similar in their social behaviors. • They begin to differ in play activities & toy preference early, by 12-18 mo!

  24. Toy/Play Preference: Girls Boys Trucks Airplanes Cars Tools Sports equipment • Dolls • Doll furniture • Dishes • Toy animals

  25. Sex Differences, cont. • By 24 months both girls and boys appear to be aware of which behaviors are considered appropriate or inappropriate for their sex, according to cultural stereotypes. • Boys/girls may show preferences for gender stereotypical toys even before they have been socialized and possibly before they understand their own sex.

  26. Adults Behavior Towards Infants: Adult with a girl: Adult with a boy: Encourage rough and tumble play Encourage play with boy toys • More talking • More smiling • More emotionally expressive • Encourage play with girl toys

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