Unit 4: Money, Banking, and Monetary Policy

1. Unit 4: Money, Banking, and Monetary Policy

2. Who is on the… • $100 Bill • $50 Bill • $20 Bill • $10 Bill • $5 Bill • $2 Bill • 50 Cent • Dime • $1000 Bill • $100,000 Bill • Franklin • Grant • Jackson • Hamilton • Lincoln • Jefferson • JFK • FDR • Cleveland • Wilson Money!!!

3. Why do we use money? What would happen if we didn’t have money? The Barter System- goods and services are traded directly. There is no money exchanged. Problems: • Before trade could occur, each trader had to have somethingtheother wanted. This is called the “Double Coincidence of Wants” • Some goods cannot be split. If 1 goat is worth five chickens, how do you exchange if you want 1 chicken? Example: A doctor might accept only certain goods so you need to find what the doctor wants in order to get help.

4. Money

5. What is Money? Money is anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services Money is NOT the same as wealth or income Wealth is the value of accumulated assets Income is a flow of earnings from doing work or received from personal investments. Commodity Money- Something that performs the function of money and has intrinsic value. • Examples: Gold, silver, cigarettes, etc. Fiat Money- Something that serves as money but has no other value or uses. • Examples: Paper Money, Coins, Digital Currency

6. 3 Functions of Money 1. A Medium of Exchange • Money can easily be used to buy goods and services with no complications of barter system. 2. A Unit of Account • Money measures the value of all goods and services. Money acts as a measurement of value. • 1 goat = $50 = 5 chickens OR 1 chicken = $10 3. A Store of Value • Money allows you to store purchasing power for the future. (as opposed to storing cheese)

7. 2008 Audit Exam

8. What backs the money supply? There is no gold standard. Money is just an I.O.U. from the government “for all debts, public and private.” What makes money effective? • Generally Accepted - Buyers and sellers have confidence that it IS legal tender. • Scarce - Money must not be easily reproduced. • Portable and Dividable - Money must be easily transported and divided. The Purchasing Power of money is the amount of goods and services an unit of money can buy. Inflation (increases/decreases) purchasing power. Rapid inflation (increases/decreases) acceptability.

9. Measuring the Money Supply Liquidity- ease with which an asset can be accessed and used as a medium of exchange M1 (Highest Liquidity) – • Currency in circulation • Checkable bank deposits (checking accounts) M2 (Near-Moneys) - M1 plus the following: • Savings deposits (money market accounts) • Short-term Time deposits (ex. CDs = certificates of deposit) M1 and M2 money often earn little to no interest so the opportunity cost of holding liquid money is the interest you could be earning

10. The Financial Sector Individuals, businesses, and governments borrow and save so they need institutions to help • Financial Sector- Network of institutions that link borrowers and lenders including banks, mutual funds, pension funds, and other financial intermediaries • Assets- Any item of economic value that can be converted into cash. • Liability- A legal debt or financial obligation that must be paid back. • Loan- An agreement between a lender and a borrower. Usually at a fee called the interest rate. A loan is an asset for the lender and a liability for the borrower

11. Personal finance refers to the way individuals and families budget, save, and spend. In a personal finance class you learn about checking and savings accounts, credit cards, loans, the stock market, retirement plans, and how to manage your assets The word “INVESTMENT” in econ will always refer to business spending on tools and machinery. A low interest rate will increase investment A high interest rate will decrease investment Personal Finance and Investment

12. Bonds vs. Stocks Pretend you are going to start a lemonade stand. You need some money to get started.What do you do? • You ask your grandmother to lend you $100 • Your grandmother just bought a bond. • Bonds are loans, or IOUs, that represent debt that the government, business, or individual must repay to the lender. • The bond holder has NO OWNERSHIP of the company. • To get more money, you could sell half of your company and issue shares of stock. • Stocks- Represents ownership of a corporation and the stockholder is often entitled to a portion of the profit

13. Bonds Prices and Interest Rates A bond is issued at a specific interest rate that doesn’t change throughout the life of the bond. • Example: Assume a 30 year US Treasury bond has a face value of $1000 and the interest rate is 5%. Each year, for 30 years, you will get $50.

14. Bonds Prices and Interest Rates If the interest rate on new bonds falls and new bonds are being issued at 3% then people would rather have the old 5% bonds like you have. If you like, you can sell bonds before they mature. If you sold the original 5% bond, buyers would bid up the price since they would rather have 5% The Point: Bond prices and interest rates are inversely related

15. Bond Prices and Interest Rates Inversely Related • Suppose the ABC Company offers a new issue of bonds carrying a 7% coupon. This means it would pay you $70 a year in interest. After evaluating your investment alternatives, you decide this is a good deal, so you purchase a $1,000 bond (that will mature in 10 years).

16. Now let's suppose that later that year, interest rates in general go up. • If new bonds that cost $1,000 are paying an 8% interest rate—or $80 a year in interest—buyers will be reluctant to pay the $1,000 face value for old used bond your 7% ABC Company bond. • They can pay $1000 and get their own shiny new bond that pays $10 more per year.

17. In order to sell your bond, you'd have to offer your bond at a lower price. The Point: Bond prices and interest rates are inversely related

18. The Time Value of Money

19. Would you rather have $100 now or $100 some time in the future? Would be helpful to know: 1. How LONG until you get paid the $100 (like how far into the future)? 2. The interest rate [ Future Value of $X in 1 year = $X (1 + rate)1 ] [ Future Value of $X in 2 years = $X (1 + rate)2 ] [ Future Value of $X in 3 years = $X (1 + rate)3 ]

20. If you received the $100 now, you could go ahead and invest it. With an interest rate of 10%, you could have: $100 (1.10)1 = $110 in one year $100 (1.10)2 = $121 in two years $100 (1.10)3 = $133.10 in three years (Notice that it increases slightly more than $10 or 10% of 100 each year because of compounding) *You would rather have $100 today since it would be worth more than $100 in one year (after investing = $110).

21. $X (1 + rate)1 $X (1 + rate)2 $X (1 + rate)3 Present Value of $X in 1 year = , , So, if the interest rate is still 10%, the Present Value of $100 given to you: 1 year from now 2 years from now 3 years from now $100 (1.10)1 $100 (1.10)2 $100 (1.10)3 = = = $90.90 $82.64 $75.13 (Notice that it subtracts slightly more than $10 or 10% of 100 each year.)

22. Basically….if it’s a choice between receiving $100 now or $100 in the future, you want it now for 2 reasons: #1  If you get the money now, you can invest it and it will be compounded and grow into more in the future. ($110) #2  If you get paid in the future, the money won’t have as much purchasing power. ($90) • And instead of gaining 10%, you miss out on that opportunity, so you lose 10%.

23. New Question: Would you rather have $100 now, or $200 in 2 years? (ir still = 10%) Present Value of $200 given 2 years from now Future Value of $100 in 2 years $100 (1.10)2 = $121 $200 (1.10)2 = $165.28 If you get $100 today, then it could compound into $121 in 2 years. If you get $200 two years from now, then it would be like getting $165 instead of $100 today.

24. $121 < $165 So, you should take the $200 two years from now. • Also, this helps you to understand if you knew you needed $200 two years from now, then you should put away $165.28 today. (assuming the ir is still 10%)