Boundless Teaching Platform: Customizable Lectures on Human Development and Pregnancy

1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Overview of Pregnancy and Human Development Human Development and Pregnancy First Week of Development Second Week of Development Third Week of Development ] Fourth Week of Development Human Development and Pregnancy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development Human Development and Pregnancy(continued) Birth (Parturition) Lactation The Fetal Period ] Changes to the Mother's Body During Pregnancy Human Development and Pregnancy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Human Development and Pregnancy > Overview of Pregnancy and Human Development Overview of Pregnancy and Human Development • Introduction to Pregnancy and Human Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/overview-of-pregnancy-and-human-development-260/

7. Human Development and Pregnancy > First Week of Development First Week of Development • Fertilization • Cleavage of the Zygote • Blastocyst Formation • Implantation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/first-week-of-development-261/

8. Human Development and Pregnancy > Second Week of Development Second Week of Development • Trophoblast Development • Bilaminar Embryonic Disc Development • Amnion Development • Yolk Sac Development • Sinusoid Development • Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/second-week-of-development-262/

9. Human Development and Pregnancy > Third Week of Development Third Week of Development • Gastrulation • Neurulation • Somite Development • Development of the Cardiovascular System • Chorionic Villi and Placental Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/third-week-of-development-263/

10. Human Development and Pregnancy > Fourth Week of Development Fourth Week of Development • Fourth Week of Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/fourth-week-of-development-264/

11. Human Development and Pregnancy > Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development • Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/fifth-through-eighth-weeks-of-development-265/

12. Human Development and Pregnancy > Birth (Parturition) Birth (Parturition) • Onset of Labor • Stages of Labor • Adjustments of the Infant at Birth Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/birth-parturition-266/

13. Human Development and Pregnancy > Lactation Lactation • Physiology of Lactation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/lactation-267/

14. Human Development and Pregnancy > The Fetal Period The Fetal Period • Fetal Development • Teratogens • Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/the-fetal-period-268/

15. Human Development and Pregnancy > Changes to the Mother's Body During Pregnancy Changes to the Mother's Body During Pregnancy • Anatomical Changes • Metabolic Changes • Physiological Changes • Exercise and Pregnancy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/changes-to-the-mother-s-body-during-pregnancy-269/

16. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. Human Development and Pregnancy Key terms • aerobic exercisePhysical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. • alar plateThe alar plate (or alar lamina) is a neural structure in the embryonic nervous system, part of the dorsal side of the neural tube, that involves the communication of general somatic and general visceral sensory impulses. The caudal part later becomes the sensory axon part of the spinal cord. • amniocentesisA procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid from a pregnant female by inserting a hollow needle through the abdominal wall and into the amniotic sac. It is used to diagnose possible genetic defects and/or obstetric complications. • amnionThe innermost membrane of the fetal membranes of reptiles, birds, and mammals; the sac in which the embryo is suspended. • amniotic fluidIn placental mammals, a fluid contained within the amnion membrane that surrounds a developing embryo or fetus (also called liquor amnii). • aortic archesAlso known as pharyngeal arch arteries, this is a series of six, paired, embryological vascular structures that give rise to several major arteries. They are ventral to the dorsal aorta. • basal plateIn the developing nervous system, this is the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons. • bilaminarFormed of, or having, two laminae, or thin plates. • blastocystAn early form in the development of an embryo that consists of a spherical layer of cells filled with fluid. • Braxton Hicks contractionsKnown as false labor or practice contractions. They are sporadic uterine contractions that sometimes start around six weeks but are not usually felt until the second or third trimester of pregnancy. • caesarean sectionA caesarean section, also known as C-section, is a surgical procedure in which one or more incisions are made through a mother's abdomen (laparotomy) and uterus (hysterotomy) to deliver one or more babies, or, rarely, to remove a dead fetus. • capacitationA step spermatozoa undergo in the female reproductive track that renders them capable of fertilizing an oocyte. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. Human Development and Pregnancy • cardinal veinThe precardinal veins or anterior cardinal veins contribute to the formation of the internal jugular veins and, together with the common cardinal vein, form the superior vena cava. In an anastomosis by anterior cardinal veins, the left brachiocephalic vein is produced. • cervical effacementThe thinning and stretching of the cervix. • chorionOne of the membranes that exist during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. • chorionThe protective and nutritive membrane that attaches higher vertebrate fetuses to the uterus. • chorionThe protective and nutritive membrane that attaches higher vertebrate fetuses to the uterus. • chorionic membraneOne of the membranes that exist during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. • chorionic villiThese sprout from the chorion in order to give a maximum area of contact with the maternal blood. • chorionic villus samplingA form of prenatal diagnosis in which part of the placental tissue is tested for genetic abnormalities. • cleavageIn embryology, this is the division of cells in the early embryo. • coelumAlso called the chorionic cavity, this is a portion of the conceptus that consists of a cavity between Heuser's membrane and the trophoblast. • colostrumA form of milk produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and the few days after giving birth. Human and bovine colostrum is thick and yellowish. In humans, it has high concentrations of nutrients and antibodies, but it is small in quantity. • conceptusThe prenatal, developing offspring and its associated membranes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

19. Human Development and Pregnancy • conceptusThe fetus or embryo, including all the surrounding tissues protecting and nourishing it during pregnancy. • contraindicationA factor or symptom that makes the prescribed treatment inadvisable. • cortisolA steroid hormone (also called hydrocortisone) produced by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and maintains blood pressure. • deciduaA mucous membrane that lines the uterus that is shed during menstruation and modified during pregnancy. • decidualizationThe changes in the endometrial lining after ovulation, characterized by its transformation into a secretory lining in preparation to accept an embryo. • EmbryonicageMeasures the actual age of the embryo or fetusfrom the time of fertilization. • embryonic diskThe floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disk (or disc) that is composed of a layer of prismatic cells called the embryonic ectoderm. It is the part of the inner cell mass from which the embryo is developed. • embryonic diskThe floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disk (or disc), which is composed of a layer of prismatic cells. • endometriumThe mucous membrane that lines the uterus in mammals and in which fertilized eggs are implanted. • epibolyOneof many movements in the early embryo that allow for dramatic physical restructuring and is characterizedby a thinning and spreading of cell layers. • eutherianRefers to all species of which the female givesbirth to live young that receive prenatal nourishment via the placenta. • extravillous trophoblastThese grow out from the placenta and penetrate into the decidualized uterus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

20. Human Development and Pregnancy • Ferguson reflexAn example of positive feedback and the female body's response to pressure application in the cervix or vaginal walls. Upon application of pressure, oxytocin is released and uterine contractions are stimulated (which will in turn increase oxytocin production, and hence, increase contractions even more), until the baby is delivered. • fertilizationThe act of fecundating or impregnating animal or vegetable gametes. • fetal alcohol syndromeAny of a spectrum of birth defects that result from excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. • gastrulationThe stage of embryonic development when a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of cells. • gastrulationThe stage of embryonic development at which a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of cells. • gestationThe carrying of an embryo or fetus inside female viviparous (having live births) animals, including humans. • gestational ageThis relates to the age of an embryo or fetus (or newborn infant). In human obstetrics, this age is often defined as the time elapsed since 14 days prior to fertilization; this is approximately the duration since the woman's last menstrual period began. • Gestational ageThe time that has passed since the onset of thelast menstruation. • gestational diabetesAlso called gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), it is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy (especially during the third trimester). • gestational sacThe gestational sac (or gestation sac) is the only available intrauterine structure that can be used to determine if an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) exists until the embryo is identified. • gravidityAnother term for pregnancy. • Heuser's membraneAlso called the exocoelomic membrane, it is a short lived combination of hypoblast cells and extracellular matrix. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

21. Human Development and Pregnancy • Heuser's membraneHeuser's membrane (or the exocoelomic membrane) is a short-lived combination of hypoblast cells and extracellular matrix. • human chorionic gonadotropinA peptide hormone produced during pregnancy that prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production. • human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)In molecular biology, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced during pregnancy that is made by the developing placenta after conception, and later by the placental component. • human placental lactogenAlso called human chorionic somatomammotropin, this is a polypeptide placental hormone. Its structure and function is similar to that of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. • human placental lactogenA hormone closely associated with prolactin that is instrumental in breast, nipple, and areola growth before birth. • implantationThe embedding of the fertilized ovum into the uterine wall. • implantationThe embedding of the blastocyst to the uterine wall. • implantationThe attachment of the fertilized ovum to the uterine wall. • lactation1. The secretion of milk from the mammary gland of a female mammal. 2. The process of providing the milk to the young, such as breastfeeding. 3. The period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young; the lactation period. • lactogenHuman placental lactogen (HPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placental hormone. Its structure and function is similar to that of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. • lanugoSoft down or fine hair that covers the human fetus. • mammary glandA gland that secretes milk for suckling an infant or offspring. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

22. Human Development and Pregnancy • mandibular archThe first pharyngeal arch, also called the mandibular arch, is the first of six aortic arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development. • meconium The earliest stool of a mammalian infant. Unlike laterfeces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infantspends in the uterus (intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo, mucus, amnioticfluid, bile, and water). • mesencephalonA part of the brain located rostral to the pons and caudal to the thalamus and the basal ganglia, composed of the tectum (dorsal portion) and the tegmentum (ventral portion). • mesenchymeA type of tissue characterized by loosely associated cells that lack polarity and are surrounded by a large extracellular matrix. • microcephalyA neurological disorder in which the person affected has an abnormally small head due to a failure of brain growth. • miscarriageThe spontaneous natural termination of a pregnancy that expels a fetus from the womb before term. • morulaA spherical mass of blastomeres that forms following the splitting of a zygote; it becomes the blastula. • multiparaeWomen who have given birth to more than one viable fetus. • neural crest cellsA transient, multipotent, migratory cell population that gives rise to a diverse cell lineage including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons, and glia. • neurulationThe process that forms the vertebrate nervous system in embryos. • non-shivering thermogenesisThe process of heat production in organisms. Non-shivering thermogenesis usually occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) that is present in human infants and hibernating mammals. • NondisjunctionNondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

23. Human Development and Pregnancy • notochordA structure found in the embryos of vertebrates from which the spine develops. • notochordComposed of cells derived from the mesoderm, this providessignals to the surrounding tissue during development. • nuchal thickness scanA sonographic prenatal screening scan (ultrasound) to help identify any high risks of chromosomal defects, including Down's Syndrome in a fetus, particularly for older women who have higher risks of such pregnancies. • optic discThe location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. • optical vesicleThe eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain. These diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube; after the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles. • parturitionThe act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring from the uterus; giving birth. • pelvic cavityA body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis. Its oblique roof is the pelvic inlet (the superior opening of the pelvis). Its lower boundary is the pelvic floor. • placentaA vascular organ present only in the female during gestation. It supplies food and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and passes back waste. It is implanted in the wall of the uterus and links to the fetus through the umbilical cord. It is expelled after birth. • prenatalDuring pregnancy, before birth. • primiparaeWomen who have given birth to only one child, or who are giving birth for the first time. • progesteroneA steroid hormone, secreted by the ovaries, whose function is to prepare the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy. • respiratory distress syndromeInfant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or respiratory distress syndrome (previously called hyaline membrane disease), is a syndrome in premature infants caused by the developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs. It can also result from a genetic problem with the production of surfactant-associated proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

24. Human Development and Pregnancy • sinus venosusA large quadrangular cavity that precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae. • sinusoidAny of several channels through which venous blood passes in various organs. • somiteOne of the paired masses of mesoderm, distributed along the sides of the neural tube, that will eventually become dermis, skeletal muscle, or vertebrae. • somiteOne of the paired masses of mesoderm, distributed along the sides of the neural tube, that will eventually become dermis, skeletal muscle, or vertebrae. • strength-conditioningThe use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscles. There are many different methods of strength training, the most common being the use of gravity or elastic/hydraulic forces to oppose muscle contraction. • surfactantA lipoprotein in the tissues of the lung that reduces surface tension and permits more efficient gas transport. • teratogenAny agent or substance that can cause embryonic malformations or birth defects. • teratogensAn agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that causes a malformation of an embryo or fetus. • thrombophlebitisPhlebitis (vein inflammation) related to a thrombus (blood clot). • trimesterA period of approximately three months. • trophoblastThe membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy and provides nutrients to the embryo, and later develops into part of the placenta. • trophoblastThe membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy and provides nutrients to the embryo and later develops into part of the placenta. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

25. Human Development and Pregnancy • trophoblastThe membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy, and also provides nutrients to the embryo and later develops into part of the placenta. • trophoblastic lacunaeSpaces in the early syncytiotrophoblastic layer of the chorionpresent prior to the development of the villi. • uterine deciduaThe term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly characteristic cells. • vitelline circulationThe system of blood flowing from the embryo to the yolk sac and back again. • vitelline veinsVeins that drain blood from the yolk sac. • witch's milkWitch's milk or neonatal milk is milk secreted from the breasts of some newborn human infants of either sex. Neonatal milk secretion is considered a normal physiological occurrence and no treatment or testing is necessary. • yolk sacA membranous sac attached to an embryo that provides early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo before internal circulation begins. • zygoteA fertilized egg cell. • zygoteA fertilized egg cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

26. Human Development and Pregnancy Developing fetus A schematic of a developing fetus with the first, second, and thirdarches labeled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia Commons."Gray41.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray41.pngView on Boundless.com

27. Human Development and Pregnancy Embryo brain at four weeks At four weeks the embryo's brain can be differentiated into the proscephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. A white circle represents the area of the optical vesicle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."4 week embryo brain."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_week_embryo_brain.jpgView on Boundless.com

28. Human Development and Pregnancy Fetal alcohol syndrome Alcohol is a teratogen. When consumed in pregnancy, it can result in mothers giving birth to children with fetal alcohol syndrome. The facial characteristics highlighted in the photograph are small eye opening, smooth philtrum, and a thin upper lip. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Fetal alcohol syndrome."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromeView on Boundless.com

29. Human Development and Pregnancy Surface view of a rabbit embryo A drawing of a rabbit embryo that identifies the embryonic disc and the primitive streak (arg—embryonic disc; pr—primitive streak). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Embryonic disc."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_discView on Boundless.com

30. Human Development and Pregnancy Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism Insulin binds to its receptor (1) on the cell membrane which in turn starts many protein activation cascades (2). These include: the translocation of the glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and an influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5) and fatty acid synthesis (6). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Insulin glucose metabolism."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insulin_glucose_metabolism.jpgView on Boundless.com

31. Human Development and Pregnancy Yolk sac The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that provides nourishment in the form of yolk. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Yolk sac."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk_sacView on Boundless.com

32. Human Development and Pregnancy Ultrasound scan Ultrasound is used to monitor the age and health of the fetus during pregnancy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Scan12weeks."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scan12weeks.jpgView on Boundless.com

33. Human Development and Pregnancy Pregnancy Drawing of the lateral (side) view of a pregnant woman's abdomenrevealing the developing fetus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia Commons."Pregnancy.png."CC BY 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0747_Pregnancy.pngView on Boundless.com

34. Human Development and Pregnancy Human fertilization The sperm and ovum unite through fertilization, creating a zygote that (over the course of 8–9 days) will implant in the uterine wall, where it will reside over the course of 9 months. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Human Fertilization."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_Fertilization.pngView on Boundless.com

35. Human Development and Pregnancy Pregnancy During pregnancy, a woman gains weight and her breasts enlarge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Pregnant woman black and white shadows."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pregnant_woman_black_and_white_shadows.jpgView on Boundless.com

36. Human Development and Pregnancy Embryonic cardiovascular system A profile view of a human embryo estimated at twenty or twenty-one days old. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray472."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray472.pngView on Boundless.com

37. Human Development and Pregnancy Amnion The human fetus is enclosed within the amnion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray30."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray30.pngView on Boundless.com

38. Human Development and Pregnancy Aortic arches A schematic of the aortic arches and their arterial destinations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray473."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray473.pngView on Boundless.com

39. Human Development and Pregnancy Chorionic artery An image showing the chorionic villi and the maternal vessels. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Chorionic Vessels."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_vesselsView on Boundless.com

40. Human Development and Pregnancy Cell cleavage Early development is characterized by cleavage of the zygote, which refers to cell divisions that are not associated with significant growth of the embryo. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray9."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray9.pngView on Boundless.com

41. Human Development and Pregnancy Placenta Image illustrating the placenta and chorionic villi. The umbilical cord is seen connected to the fetus and the placenta. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia Commons."Placenta."CC BY-SA 4.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Placenta.pngView on Boundless.com

42. Human Development and Pregnancy Blastocyst The blastocyst possesses an inner cell mass from which the embryo will develop, and an outer layer of cells, called the trophoblast, which will eventually form the placenta. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Blastocyst English."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blastocyst_English.svgView on Boundless.com

43. Human Development and Pregnancy Chorionic villi During implantation, extensions of the trophoblast, the syncytiotrophoblasts, embed within the endometrium and form chorionic villi. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray36."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray36.pngView on Boundless.com

44. Human Development and Pregnancy Extraembryonic coelom or chorionic cavitiy A blastocyst embedded in the uterine decidua. (am. Amniotic cavity, b.c. Blood clot., b.s. Body stalk., etc Embryonic ectoderm, ent. Entoderm., mes. Mesoderm, m.v. Maternal vessels., tr. Trophoblast., u.e. Uterine epithelium, u.g. Uterine glands., y.s. Yolk-sac.) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray32."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray32.pngView on Boundless.com

45. Human Development and Pregnancy Neurulation Transverse sections that show the progression of the neuralplate into the neural tube. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia Commons."Neurulation."CC BY 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2912_Neurulation-02.jpg#filelinksView on Boundless.com

46. Human Development and Pregnancy Gestational sac An artificially colored image of the contents in the cavity of the uterusseen at approximately 5 weeks of gestational age by obstetric ultrasonography. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia Commons."Ultrasound of embryo at 5 weeks, colored."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ultrasound_of_embryo_at_5_weeks,_colored.pngView on Boundless.com

47. Human Development and Pregnancy Spinabifida An illustration of a child with spina bifida Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia Commons."Spina_bifida-web.jpg."CC0 1.0 Universalhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spina_bifida-web.jpgView on Boundless.com

48. Human Development and Pregnancy Somites A dorsal view of a human embryo. The repetitive somites are marked with the older term primitive segments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray20."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray20.pngView on Boundless.com

49. Human Development and Pregnancy Gastrulation Formation of the three primary germ layers occursduring the first two weeks of development. The embryo at this stage is only a fewmillimeters in length. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Open Stax College."Germ Layers."CC BY 3.0http://openstaxcollege.orgView on Boundless.com

50. Human Development and Pregnancy Vitelline veins The liver and veins of a human embryo, 24 or 25 days old, as seen from the ventral surface. (The vitelline veins are visible at the center bottom.) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray475."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray475.pngView on Boundless.com