Development Approach for Indigenous Peoples: Policies and Standards Overview

1. Development Approach and Indigenous Peoples: Status of existing policies/standards of Government, development agencies and INGOs towards Indigenous Peoples YogeshwarRai NFDIN April 23, 2019

2. Outline • From needs to rights approach • A bit of history of development approach • Poverty and Poverty Indicators: From Indigenous lens • Structural causes of Indigenous Peoples’ Poverty • Key Principles in Human Rights Based Approach to Development • Development with identity or ethno-development • Indigenous Peoples' Self-Determined Development • Example of policy development

3. From needs to rights approach

4. A bit of history of development approach • The 1970s : The 1970s-the 1980s were mainly a time of charity and welfare, where it was not faced challenges the overarching system of injustice and inequality. • The 1990s: Supporting the empowerment of communities: Initiated to focus during the 1990s was sustainability and empowerment. • From the late 1990s: working for Human Rights Based Approach to Development (HRBA)

5. Poverty and Poverty Indicators: From Indigenous lens • Poverty is generally defined in terms of income and consumption (cash incomes and food expenditures within a market and cash cash-based economic setting). • Important non-income indicators of poverty include • the lack of voice or power in political and bureaucratic systems, • the non recognition of the collective rights of Indigenous Peoples, • and their lack of access to basic infrastructure and social services. • “Poverty’’ vs ‘’Rights’’ of Indigenous Peoples.

6. Structural causes of Indigenous Peoples’ Poverty Poverty amidst Indigenous Peoples finds its roots: • in colonization, • the destruction of Indigenous economic and socio-political systems, • continuing systemic racism and discrimination, • social exclusion, • and the non recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ individual and collective rights.

7. Key Principles in Human Rights Based Approach to Development • The principles in question are: • The identification of poor, • Empowerment of the poor, • Explicit recognition of the international human rights normative framework • Non-discrimination and equality • Participation • Progressive realization of human rights • Accountability

8. Development with identity orethno-development • This approach to development has been defined as ‘’development with identity" or ‘’ethno-development" (Bonl, 1982; Stavenhagen, 1986), on the ground that it is expected to pursue a sustainable and endogenous development, controlled by the indigenous community itself, and it is expected to respect and give value to the cultural identity of indigenous peoples. • This concept has been elaborated by several UN agencies (including IFAD, Inter-American Development Bank and UNESCO). The IDB defines‘’Development with identity," a concept initially promoted by indigenous peoples of Latin America (Tauli-Corpuz, 2008), as:

9. Indigenous Peoples' Self-Determined Development • It seems important to report that indigenous peoples' leaders gave their preference to the term ‘’indigenous peoples' self-determined development,“ instead of ‘’development with identity and culture," • Self-determined development has several components: • Respect for the collective, individual and intergenerational rights of Indigenous Peoples. • Autonomy • Territory • Revenue sharing

10. Example of policy development • formal policies on Indigenous Peoples: EU, UNDP, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Danida, DGIS-Netherlands, BMZ-Germany, AECI-Spain; • have policies contain some mandatory standards or binding safeguards: World Bank, ADB, Danida and BMZ; • have policies are not binding and only constitute optional, good practice principles and guidelines: EU/EC, UNDP, DGIS, AECI; • have policies employ an explicit rights-based approach: UNDP, DGIS, BMZ (regional policy); • have policies that contain no clear operational standards for development planning and field implementation : EU/EC, DGIS;

11. Example of policy development-Contd… • only feature limited operational instructions (AECI, BMZ, Danida, UNDP); • the policy of NORAD and CIDA will only deal with indigenous knowledge issues; • which do not have a specific policy on indigenous peoples but, do include consideration of indigenous peoples in their operational policies on resettlement and environmental assessment (Inter-American Development Bank – IDB, USAID); • referring to Indigenous Peoples : IDB, IFAD, UNESCO and DFID;

12. Way forward • Emphasis on orientation • Capacity building • Emphasis on coordination/networking and relationship building • Emphasis on activities of advocacy on rights based approach

13. Thank you