学术英语 社科

1. 学术英语 社科 Academic English for Social Sciences

2. 9 Globalization in Political Science In Unit 5, globalization is mentioned as a recent trend in the development of culture and is defined from a sociologist’s point of view. Globalization is also the buzzword in political science nowadays. In this unit we are going to see how political scientists define globalization, how their perspective is different from sociologists’, and more importantly, what the difference implies about the way we acquire knowledge.

3. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Unit Contents Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing

4. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science • Lead-in

5. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Lead-in In Unit 5, globalization is mentioned as the recent trend in the development of culture and the term is defined from a sociologist’s point of view. Globalization is also the buzzword in political science nowadays. In this unit we are going to see how political scientists define globalization, how their perspective is different from sociologists’, and more importantly, what the difference implies about the way we acquire knowledge.

6. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science • Text A • Critical reading and thinking • Difficult sentences • English language for • academic purpose • Collocations • Signpost language • Formal English

7. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Argument:The world’s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation.

8. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Cultural amalgamation: a process in which two or more cultures are combined Evidence of cultural amalgamation: →Chinese tunic suits→ Western-style business suits →More people wear jeans, T-shirts, sneakers. →Young people everywhere listen to the same music. →big Macs, fries, milk shakes, etc.

9. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Caution: A great deal of what is becoming world culture is Western. Two important aspects of converging culture 1. Language---English 1)world language / lingua franca e.g. working language in UN; Leaders of countries speak English (President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan; UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon)

10. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis • 2) Modern communications are one factor driving the • spread of English. • e.g. The vast majority of what is available on the • Internet has been and remains in English. • 3) Business needs also promote the global growth • of English. • 2. Consumer products---another major factor in • narrowing cultural gaps • e.g. American movies; • American style dress

11. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Conclusion: There is a distinct and important intermingling and amalgamation of cultures under way. Views on consequences of cultural amalgamation: Welcome it as a positive force that will bring people and political units together. 2) See it as a danger to desirable diversity.

12. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis • What is the author’s attitude toward cultural • amalgamation (one-world culture)? How do • you know? • What is your view on cultural amalgamation?

13. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Difficult sentences Do the paraphrasing task on page 180.

14. Text A Unit 9Globalization in Political Science English language for academic purpose Collocations Do Task 1 on page 182.

15. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language Transitional language: Transitional language is a word or expression that shows how the meaning of one sentence is related to that of the preceding sentence. It helps to create a smooth flow of writing. Do Task 2 on page 183.

16. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A English language for academic purpose 2 Formal English Do Task 3 on page 183.

17. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 Text A discusses cultural globalization — what brings globalization in turn brings about changes in our daily life. Complete the summary of Text A. Globalization has changed the face of our lives. Western, especially (1) __________________ such as fast food, NBA, Hollywood films has come to dominate the world. Two obvious factors that have greatly boosted globalization are transportation and (2) _____________ . Apart from these two factors, (3) _______________ and popular consumer goods have also narrowed the gap between cultures. American pop culture communication English language

18. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 Text A discusses cultural globalization — what brings globalization in turn brings about changes in our daily life. Complete the summary of Text A. The results of globalization can be much deeper than amalgamation of culture. Some predict that the differences between people might reduce to such an extent that there is one global civil (4) ______. Moreover, (5) ________ state might disappear and global (6) _____________________ might form. The real impact of globalization is yet to see. Some argue that it can bring people together while others are worried that it might pose a threat to (7) _______. society territorial schemes of governance diversity

19. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Read the tips about paraphrasing, and then paraphrase the following sentences. 1 Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture. 2 Such analysis does not trivialize the subject. The analysis on how the cultural differences are disappearing always seems to lead to those aspects of pop culture such as fast food, basketball, rock music etc. Such analysis does not render the subject less important.

20. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Read the tips about paraphrasing, and then paraphrase the following sentences. 3 The world’s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. People in the world can know each other and trust each other increasingly better through frequent interactions and through what their cultures share in common. This will ultimately lead to a global civil society, even a global nation.

21. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Read the tips about paraphrasing, and then paraphrase the following sentences. 4 Global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. 5 It is premature to talk of a world culture, and indeed that may never come. 6 Nor does the preponderance of Western culture in the integration process mean that the flow is one way. It seems possible for global schemes of governance to form, augment or completely replace the territorial state. It is too early to talk of a world culture, which in fact may never come true. The dominance of Western culture in the integration process does not mean that the cultural influence just goes in one direction.

22. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 3 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1 What is the authors’ opinion of “one-world culture”? 2 What do you think of it? 3 Do you think regional states might disappear when one-world culture becomes a reality? Why / Why not?

23. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 4 Work in groups of 3-4 and discuss the following question. The iPad and iPhone, the digital products developed by Apple Inc., have caused worldwide frenzy. How does globalization manifest itself in this phenomenon, especially in terms of production and marketing?

24. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 1 Task 1 Collocation In Text A, there are quite a number of words that contain the meaning of “coming together”, some of which are listed in the following box. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box, and also pay attention to the collocations. amalgamation blur commonality converge integration interchange intermingle 1 It is not surprising, then, that a degree of cultural ____________ hasoccurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever-more-frequent contact. amalgamation

25. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 1 Collocation 2 Analyzing the _______ of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture. 3 Instead, a long-standing bottom-up line of political theory argues that the world’s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural _____________. 4 Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational _________ look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries. blurring commonalities integration

26. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 1 Collocation 5 One of the most important aspects of __________ culture is English. 6 The __________ of popular consumer goods is another major factor in narrowing cultural gaps. 7 To reemphasize the main point, there is a distinct and important ___________ and amalgamation of cultures under way. converging interchange intermingling

27. Text A Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Suggested answers Language building-up Task 2 Signpost language Look at the sentences below. Underline the transitional language in each sentence if there is any. Then number the sentences in the correct order to form a paragraph. 2 3 1 His narrowly-educated counterpart, however, is rarely at ease with subjects ranging from music to philosophy to geology. 2 The specially-trained student, in contrast, enters a position with knowledge that can be applied immediately. 3 One of the major disputes in education today is the controversy over specialization and liberal arts. 4 Each educational approach offers both advantages and disadvantages to students. 5 For employment purposes, on the other hand, the liberal arts student usually must be trained for a special position once hired. 6 The graduate of a liberal arts college can boast a familiarity with numerous academic disciplines. 4 6 1 5 2

28. Text A Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 2 1 The world’s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another. key: 2 Then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. key: 3 And whatever it means to our gastronomic future, Big Macs, fries, and milk shakes are consumed around the world. key: 4 Nor does the preponderance of Western culture in the integration process mean that the flow is one way. key: cause replace eaten superiority

29. Text A Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English 2 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 5 President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan and many other leaders of countries of international organizations converse in English. key: 6 This is evident in differences among various age groups. key: 7 There is a distinct and important intermingling and amalgamation of cultures under way. key: 8 Others see transnational culture as a danger to desirable diversity. key: talk obvious clear good

30. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science • Text B • Critical reading • English language for • academic purpose • Specialized vocabulary • and Collocations

31. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text B Critical thinking and reading Text Analysis Main points with subheadings 1. What is globalization? Factors influencing globalization 2. Transnational corporations 3. Positive impacts of globalization 4. Negative impacts of globalization

32. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text B Critical thinking and reading Text Analysis Classroom activities • Compare the definition of globalization mentioned in this unit with those we have learned in the previous units. • What does this comparison imply about your • learning method?

33. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text A English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary and Collocations • cultural amalgamation • pop culture • a global civil society • evolve into • achieve world-class excellence • account for

34. Text B Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 Complete the table by writing down the main arguments of the pros and cons of globalization according to the text. Local companies are driven out of business. Bringing jobs and skills for the local Polluting the environment Lowering standards of safety or working conditions Offering low wages to local workers Improving education, health and infrastructure Exposing people to different ideas, experiences and lifestyles Threatening the world's cultural diversity Increasing awareness of events in far-away places Developed countries are losing jobs Alerting people to global issues

35. Text B Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Text B is written as a simple introduction of the concept of globalization for non-experts in this respect. Work in pairs, refer to the websites listed in the Reference of this unit. Then discuss the following questions. 1 What are the similarities and differences in the definitions of globalization provided by these sources? 2 What does this comparison imply about your learning method? Tips Basically the point is to develop critical reading and thinking. Do not treat anything as THE correct or the last words. Remember there is always an agenda behind any writing. Do not accept anything without questioning and independent thinking.

36. Text B Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Researching Work in groups of 4-5. Conduct a survey on how globalization is impacting China. Find out: • Examples of globalization in China • Benefits and costs of globalization for China • Whether benefits outweigh costs; why / why not • Summarize your findings and report back to the class.

37. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science • Text C

38. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Text C Suggested answers Task Translate the first two paragraphs of Text C into Chinese. 20国集团财经部长和央行行长成立于1999年。集团成立的宗旨在于定期召集重要的已工业化的发达国家和发展中经济体讨论全球经济中的重要议题。二十集团创立大会于1999年十二月十五至十六日在柏林召开。大会由德国和加拿大财经部长主持。 职权 20国集团是为我们国际经济发展创立的主要的论坛。集团致力于促进工业化国家与新兴市场国家之间进行开放的，有建设性的讨论研究。讨论着重于如何保证全球经济稳定性的那些重要议题。20国集团加强了国际金融构架建设，为国家政策，国际合作，以及国际金融机构等议题提供了对话机会，为全球增长、发展提供了支持。

39. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science • Listening • Writing out notes in full • Listening tasks

40. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Listening Academic activities To make effective use of the notes you have taken down, here are some suggestions for you to bear in mind: 1. Review notes immediately after the lecture, seek the help of the lecturer or fellow students to clarify any points unclear. 2. Be sure to leave enough space for future notes, comments or references. 3. Tidy up the writing and fill in any missing parts. 4. Clarify the implied meanings. 5. Write a summary in your own words. 6. Organize and file your notes in a systematic way. 7. Attach handouts to the notes.

41. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Listening Suggested answers Listening tasks Task 1 Listen to a talk which describes two phases of globalization. Check ( √ ) which phase of globalization each description fits in. Some are shared by both phases. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

42. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Listening Suggested answers Listening tasks Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and note down the phrases that refer to the false hopes of globalization. the end of war, end of division, globally just society

43. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Listening Suggested answers Listening tasks Task 3 In the last part of the lecture the speaker is trying to correct what he thinks to be the wrong ideas about globalization. Decide whether the following statements are true ( T ) or false ( F ) about globalization. 1 Globalization is just about the global market. 2 Globalization is just about the financial market. 3 Globalization is an economic matter. 4 Globalization is triggered by global communication. F F F T Task 4 Write a summary of the lecture. You may refer to what you have learned in Tasks 1-3.

44. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science • Speaking • Tips for effective • PowerPoint presentation • Speaking tasks

45. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Speaking Suggested answers Speaking tasks Task 1 Work in pairs. Select one of your presentation project slides and improve it according to what you have just learned. Task 2 Work in groups of 4-5 and discuss about the following topic. Make a PowerPoint presentation on the topic and present it to the class. Is globalization a blessing or a curse for the individual and the country?

46. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science • Writing • Creating a reference list for • your paper • Writing tasks

47. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Writing Some common writing problems

48. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Writing Some common writing problems

49. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Writing Using Notes Effectively • It’s important to not only take good notes, but also to use them in the most effective way. • Strategies: • Go over your notes after class to review and add information you might have forgotten to write down. • Compare notes with a classmate or study group to make sure you have all the important information. • Review your notes before the next class, so you will understand and remember the information better.

50. Unit 9Globalization in Political Science Writing Suggested answers Writing tasks Task 1 The following examples of references are written in the MLA style. Change them into the APA style in accordance with the above six categories. Seyler, Dorothy U. Read, Reason, Write. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. Marshall, Sam A., ed. 1990 Photographer’s Market. Cincinnati: Writer’s Digest, 1969. Seyler, D. U. (2005). Read, Reason, Write (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Marshall, S. A. (Ed.) (1969).1990 Photographer’s Market. Cincinnati: Writer’s Digest.