Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Princes and Popes

3. Ancient History Review Timeline • 1.) Creation • 2.) River Valley Civilizations (Nile, Euphrates, Hindus) • 3.) Greek Civilizations • 4.) Roman Civilizations • 5.) Islam Begins • 6.) Christianity in the “dark ages”

4. Section 1 – Reforms in the Church • What were the reasons for reform in the church during Medieval Times? • Moral Corruption • Neglect of church duties for person gain • Needed protection from Vikings for their land • Churchmen became vassals divided between church and feudal lords • Lay-investiture – kings and nobles appointed officials and invest them with their religious authority • Unqualified leaders • Enticed by money.

6. List and describe the measures of reform that began in 910 • Forbid Simony-buying and selling of religious or blessed articles or church offices • Freed church from secular control • Restore dignity of the papacy • Cistercians – monks live in seclusion and strict discipline • Bernard of Clairvaux – most zealous member • College of Cardinals – churchmen choose the pope

7. Cistercians Bernard of Clairvaux

8. How did the clash between church and state lead to Henry IV’s penitence at Canossa and the Concordat of Worms?

9. Pope Gregory VII wanted church free from secular control and prohibited lay –investiture • Emperor Henry IV – didn’t obey and called the Pope a “false monk”….so the pope excommunicated him • 1077 – Henry begged barefoot in the snow! • Concordat of Worms – recognized the right of the church to elect its own bishops and abbots and to invest them with spiritual authority.

10. Gregory VII Henry IV

11. Describe the new religious orders founded in the 13th century. • Monks lead lives of seclusion • Franciscan and Dominican friars labored for reform by living and preaching among the people (mendicant orders) • Francis of Assisi founded Franciscan order and gave up wealth • Dominic battled heresy by educating. They would lead education and the Inquisition

12. Francis of Assisi

13. Describe the rule of Innocent III at the zenith of the papacy. • Wealth • Power • Even humbled the kings (not positively)

14. List and describe the weapons that the popes directed against those who opposed them. • 1.) Excommunication • 2.) Interdict • 3.) Inquisition

15. Describe the character and results of the Medieval Reform • Provided not lasting solutions • Compounded problems • Didn’t focus on inward cleansing

16. Section 2: A European Empire

17. Describe the founding of the German kingdom after the death of Charlemagne • Grandson divided kingdom (p. 109) • Needed protection from Magyars • Created Dukes who protected duchy. • Elected Henry the Fowler • Allowed dukes to maintain authority • Repelled invaders and expanded eastward • Otto I, Henry’s son, was strong and forced authority over dukes. • Supported by churchmen and defeated Magyars • Magyars settled in the Danube Valley and are known as Hungarians

18. Henry the Fowler Charlemagne

19. Otto I

20. Describe the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire • Italy was divided and warring • Otto crossed Alps and took Lombardy • 10 yrs. Later took Rome • Church wanted protection…sooo……….

21. Explain why the Holy Roman Empire was called “holy,” “Roman,” and an “empire”. • Pope crowned Otto emperor • Association created “Holy Roman Empire” between Germany and Italy….but not holy, roman, or an empire • Later kings saw themselves as decedents of Charlemagne and Caesar

23. List the conflicts that weakened the Holy Roman Empire and would prevent Germany and Italy from unifying as early as many of the other European countries.

24. 1.) Conflict of Interest • Germany intervening in Italian affairs • Otto III building castle in Rome…rest of Germans left behind…but growing in power. • 2.) Conflict with the popes • Emperors began choosing popes….taking their power • The disagreement between Henry IV and Gregory VII…but Henry was mad! • He returned home, crushed German nobles, captured Rome, appointed new pope. • Gregory had to flee and died within the year • Innocent III helped gain church power again

25. Otto III

26. 3.) Conflict with Nobles • Most damaging conflict • Emperors were concerned with Rome…so German nobles grew in power • A new royal line, Salian House, took over (House of Henry IV) • They couldn’t establish a centralized monarchy • After Henry’s son’s death, civil war broke out • Leading to Feudalism and duchies became states

27. Do you Remember Feudalism?

28. 1152 – Princes wanted to end civil wars • Elected Fredrick I (Barbarossa) of the Hohenstaufen House, king. • Wanted to build “holy empire”….and once again meddled in Italy • Married son to heiress of Sicily • Fredrick II – last notable Hohenstaufen ruler, inherited German and Sicilian kingdoms • He is high cultured and educated, was the ward of Innocent III

29. Fredrick II Barbarossa

30. Fredrick promised to leave Sicily alone, but after Innocent’s death, he went to take it and Italy over….leaving Germany alone once again • Papacy fought him • Fredrick died 1250 – end of Holy Roman Empire. • Italy and Germany would not be reunited till 19th century as unified national states.

31. Section 3 – Rise of Feudal Monarchies

32. General Timeline • Roman Britain • Angles and Saxons invade • Danish Vikings Invade • Alfred the Great pushed back Danes and laid a foundation for a unified English monarchy • England fell to the Danish ruler Canute • Anglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and placed Edward the Confessor on the throne • Battle of Hastings

33. William the Conqueror brings centralized feudalism from Normandy to Britain • Henry II strengthened royal authority • Magna Carta limited the king’s power • Edward I established Parliament

34. Describe how the Angle Saxons occupied and changed Britain • Romans had to leave in 5th century to protect Roman territory on “the continent” • Angles and Saxons invaded Britain • They established kingdoms and called the land “Angle land”

35. Explain why Alfred was called “the Great” including how he strengthened the Anglo-Saxon practice of local government. • Protected a helpless England from the Danes • He conquered southern England • Set up a monarchy • Built a navy, churches, schools • Divided realm called shires ruled by shire-reeve • Built schools and churches • Monks compiled Anglo-Saxon Chronicles • Had great character

36. Alfred the Great

37. Explain why William the conqueror invaded England • A century after Alfred, England fell to Danish ruler, Canute • His later rulers were weak, so Anglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and made Edward the Confessor king • A descendant of Alfred • Known as “confessor” b/c of his devotion to God • 1066, Edward dies, and his cousin William says throne was promised to him…English nobles elected Harold instead • William gets pope’s permission, and invades England

38. Edward the Confessor William the Conqueror

39. Harold, Early of Wessex

40. Oct. 14, 1066 – William and Harold meet and fight the Battle of Hastings • It wasn’t just about kings! It alters English history • Harold killed, Anglo-Saxons defeated • William the Conqueror established Norman dynasty

41. Battle of Hastings

42. List and describe the steps that William the Conqueror took to establish centralized feudalism in Britain • Brought Norman feudalism; William was feudal lord • Divided land among military followers, and they were called tenant-in-chief • Men had to pledge allegiance • He chose the popes…not the church • Wanted to tax people, to did a survey called Domesday Book

43. Doomsday Book

44. Video of Battle of Hastings • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8

45. Describe how Henry I strengthened royal authority. Henry I

46. Describe how British courts of this time influenced the way courts work today

47. Describe Henry’s conflict with Thomas-a-Becket Henry vs Becket

48. Describe Richard I’s rule of England Richard I

49. Explain how the Magna Carta came into being, what it did, and what important precedents it set.

50. Match the witan, Curia regis, and parliament with their description and put them in chronological order