1. Voice and its classification 1.1. Voice emission 1.2. Voice classification 2. Vocal groups

1. 1. Voice and its classification • 1.1. Voice emission • 1.2. Voice classification • 2. Vocal groups • 2.1. Soloist singer • 2.2. Small groups • 2.3. Choirs • 3. Instruments and their classification • 3.1. Classification according to orchestra families • String instruments • Wind instruments • Percussion instruments Index of thebook

2. 3.2. Classification according to vibrating element • Idiophones • Membranophones • Chordophones • Aerophones • Electrophones • 4. Instrumental groups • 4.1. Soloists • 4.2. Small groups • 4.4. Big groups Index of thebook

3. Voice and its classification 1.1. Voice emission The emission of voice needs an elastic vibrating material, a mechanism capable of making it vibrate and a sound box that amplifies and modulates the sound. There are three phases of voice emission: Breathing Production Elaboration

4. Voice and its classification 1.1. Voice emission Breathing Types Phases Upper breathing Abdominal breathing Inhaling Retaining It is what we usually do when we want to breathe deeply It is the way we generally breathe when we are relaxed. Exhailing

5. Voice and its classification 1.1. Voice emission The voice is produced in the vocal tract, whose main organ is the larynx, where the vocal chords are. Production

6. Voice and its classification 1.1. Voice emission The voice needs a «sound box» that amplifies the sound and allows us to mold it. Elaboration Thoracic cavity Trachea The vocal resonators are: Nose Forehead Mouth

7. Voice and its classification 1.2. Voice classification Voices are classified taking into account two aspects: a) The extension or voice tessitura: high, medium or low. b) The distinction between male and female voices: male voices sound an octave lower than female voices.

8. Vocal groups 2.1. Soloist singer Soloist singer It is the simplest vocal formation, consisting of just one instrument (that can be accompanied by an instrument).

9. Made up of two voices (equal or different). Duo It consists of three voices (equal or different). Trio Made up of four voices. The most common formation is the so called mixed quartet, which consists of extreme male and female voices: soprano, contralto, tenor and bass. Quartet Vocal groups 2.2. Small groups

10. Vocal groups 2.3. Choirs Choirs Group of numerous voices. They can be composed of equal or different voices. According to the type of voices: • Four-part mixed choir: sopranos, contraltos, tenors and basses. • Six-part mixed choir: all female and male voices. • Equal voice choir: it can be made up of male, female or children’s voices.

11. Bowed string The sound is produced when the strings are rubbed with a bow. Plucked string The sound is produced when the strings are plucked with the fingers or pick or plectrum. Struck string The sound is produced when the strings are struck or hit with a hammer, triggered with a keyboard. Instruments and their classification 3.1. Classification according to orchestra families String instruments These are all the instruments in which the sound is produced by the vibration of one or more tightened strings.

12. Woodwind They can have three different kinds of mouthpiece: fipple, single reed and double reed. Brass These are instruments made up of metal alloys. The mouthpiece is funnel or wineglass-shaped. Instruments and their classification 3.1. Classification according to orchestra families Wind instruments The sound is produced by the vibration of the air column inside the tube of the instrument.

13. Pitched percussion They can perform melodies Unpitched percussion They can only perform rhythms, not melodies. Instruments and their classification 3.1. Classification according to orchestra families Percussion instruments They produce sound when hit, shaken or clattered against each other.

14. The sound is produced by the vibration of the instrument itself. The sound is produced by the vibration of a membrane or skin. The sound is produced by the vibration of one or more strings. The sound is produced by the vibration of an air column. The sound is produced by an electric current. Instruments and their classification 3.2. Classification according to vibrating elements

15. Instruments and their classification 3.2. Classification according to vibrating elements Idiophones

16. Instruments and their classification 3.2. Classification according to vibrating elements Membranophones

17. Instruments and their classification 3.2. Classification according to vibrating elements Chordophones

18. Instruments and their classification 3.2. Classification according to vibrating elements Aerophones

19. Instruments and their classification 3.2. Classification according to vibrating elements Electrophones

20. Instrumental groups 4.1. Soloists All instruments can be performed as soloists, although the most important oneisthe piano.

21. Instrumental groups 4.2. Small groups Small groups that don’t usually have more than 10 performers, are called «chamber» groups. The most important group is the string quartet, consisting of two violins (I and II), one viola and one violoncello.

22. Instrumental groups 4.4. Big groups They consist of a great number and variety of instruments. The most important and big instrumental group is the symphonic orchestra, which gathers four different sections of instruments: string, woodwind, brass and percussion.

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