World War One Timeline: Causes, Events, and Consequences

1. UNIT 10 WORLD WAR ONE Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

2. 10.2 A Timeline of World War One Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

3. 1914 • Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/harrachmemoir.htm • Battle of Tannenburg. http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/tannenberg.htm • First trenches of the Western Front were dug. http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trenchlife.htm Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

4. 1915 • Germany declared a submarine blockade of Great Britain. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/u.htm • Second Battle of Ypres: the first use of chemical weapons. • Sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania. • Tsar Nicholas took command of Russian armies. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

5. 1916 • The longest battle of the war, The Battle of Verdun. • The Battle of Jutland, the only major naval engagement. • The Battle of the Somme. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

6. 1917 • Germany again declared unrestricted submarine warfare. • Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicated. • The United States declared war on Germany. • Third Battle of Ypres. • Russian government signed an armistice with Germany. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

7. 1918 • President Woodrow Wilson declared his 14 points. • Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicated. • At 11:00 on November 11, the war ended. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

8. 10.1 Background Causes of World War One Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

9. Background Cause #1: Nationalism • A deep feeling of loyalty to one’s nation. • Serbia. • Germany. • Russia. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

10. Background Cause #2: Militarism • Reliance on armies and navies to decide issues. • An arms race occurred in Europe. • Military spending increased by 300%. • In 1900, Germany passed the Navy Law. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

11. Background Cause #3: Alliances • Allainces pledge one country to support another in times of war and to provide a variety of other supports in peacetime. • Bismarck created alliances to protect Germany and isolate France. • Triple Entente was now waged against the Triple Alliance. • Nations lost sight of their own nations’ weaknesses. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

12. Background Cause#4: Imperialism • Controlling foreign lands as colonies and building an empire. • Due to technology, strong state system, a sense of European superiority. • Colonies were a good source of raw materials and markets for finished products. • Nationalism encouraged the race for colonies and the race for colonies increased national pride. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

13. 10.2 The Immediate Cause of World War One Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

14. Immediate Cause • In June, 1914, Gavrilo Princep, a member of the “Black Hand” assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife. • The Balkan “powder keg” was ignited. • Vienna charged Serbia with the responsibility for the crime and issued an unrealistic ultimatum. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

15. Germany • They would knock out France quickly then turn their entire force on Soviet Russia. • The Blank Cheque was given to Austria-Hungary. • Germany declared war on Russia. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

16. Austria-Hungary • Death of Franz Ferdinand was the excuse needed to move against Serbia. • Austria hoped for a limited war. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

17. Serbia and Russia • Serbia agreed to all demands except those which dealt with sovereignty. • Russia is prepared to mobilize and fight. • Determined to support Serbian nationalism. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

18. 10.3 Total War Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

19. What is Total War? • Involves the entire population. • Industry is geared to wartime production. • Non-combatants were to contribute and be affected by war. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

20. Why was World War One a different Type of war? • Industrial Revolution. • Vast armies could be easily mobilized. • Nationalism changed the nature of warfare. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

21. Characteristics of Total War • Economic Warfare. • Propaganda. • Loss of individual freedom. • Very High Casualties. • Static Fighting. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

22. 10.4 Responsibility for the War Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

23. Two Schools of Thought • The war was Germany’s responsibility. • Germany risked war but did not plan it. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

24. The Fischer Controversy • ‘September Programme’. • Germany planned for and hoped that war would break out. • Annexationist aims predated the war. • Great Britain, France and Russia reluctantly followed allies. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

25. Since Fischer • The archives of Europe have been opened up to researchers. • These documents support Fischer. • His thesis has become the ‘orthodox’ position on the war. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

26. 10.5 Effects of the First World War Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

27. Physical Effects • 13 million soldiers died as a result of the war. • Some historians believe as many civilians died as soldiers. • Physical destruction of countries was massive. • Shells, trenches and chemicals made the land unlivable. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

28. Political Effects • Overthrow of the Russian Tsar. • World’s first communist state was created. • Many new countries were created in the years after WWI. • Redrawing the map of Europe strengthened nationalism. • The League of Nations was created. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

29. Economic Effects • Immense material losses. • WWI cost the warring nations a total of $337 billion dollars. • Severe inflation after the war. • Intense hatred made it impossible to re-establish trade. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

30. Social Effects • Manpower shortage during the 1930’s. • The status of women was enhanced. • Increased intervention by the government in citizens lives. • WWI saw an end in confidence and optimism. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

31. 10.6 The Treaty of Versailles Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

32. The Big Three • David Lloyd George (Great Britain). • George Clemenceau (France). • Woodrow Wilson (United States). Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

33. Terms of the Treaty of Versailles • Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. • Germany had to pay reparations. • A League of Nations was established to prevent wars. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

34. Territorial and Military Terms • Germany’s army was reduced to 100 000men. • No air force. • Only allowed 6 capital navy ships and no submarines. • Army of occupation on the west bank for 15 years. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

35. Financial Terms • Loss of vital industrial territory. • Reparation payments. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

36. Long-Term Criticisms of the Treaty • Did not respect Wilson’s 14 Point Program. • Treaties were completed in haste. • The U.S.S.R. was excluded. • The treaty broke up Austria-Hungary. • The balance of power in Europe was disturbed. • The League of Nations did not function as had been hoped. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

37. Consequences of Versailles • Treaty seemed to satisfy the “Big Three”. • Germany hated the clause blaming her for the war. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

38. 10.7 The League of Nations Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

39. Powers of the League of Nations • Verbal Sanctions. • Economic Sanctions. • Physical Sanctions. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

40. Weaknesses of the League • America refused to join the League. • Germany was not allowed to join the League in 1919. • Russia was also not allowed to join. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

41. Successes of the League of Nations • The Aaland Islands (1921). • Upper Silesia (1921). • Memel (1923). • Turkey (1923). • Greece and Bulgaria (1925). Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

42. Failures of the League • Italy (1919). • Teschen (1919). • War between Russia and Poland (1920-1921). • The invasion of the Ruhr (1923). • Italy and Albania (1923). Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

43. The Social Successes of the League • United Nations groups grew out of the League. • Work in the Third World to improve the status of women and child slave labour. • Drug addiction and drug smuggling were also attacked. • Informed the world that these problems did exist. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

44. Unit 10 IB History of Europe - McQuaid