The Perceiving Self: Psychophysiology and the Varieties of the New Psychology

1. The Perceiving Self: Psychophysiology and the Varieties of the New Psychology

2. Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894) MYOGRAPH—”frog curve”

3. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873-1874) 1879—first psychological laboratory set up Leipzig, Germany

4. Wundt’s Psychological Laboratoryc. 1910

5. Perceiving the Inner World • Inner Perception —formulated by the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Indirect noticing of mental events, not active focusing on them, e.g. I attend to a sound. • Introspection or inner observation —an active reflection on the contents of consciousness, e.g. I attend to way I hear the sound.

6. Horizontal Kymograph c. 1916 Brass Instruments Psychology, University of Toronto

7. Hipp Chronoscope

8. Wundt’s Control Hammer From Titchener’s Photograph Album on Psychological Instruments, 1895, courtesy Max Planck

9. COLOR DISK ROTATORS From: Museum of the History of Psychological Instrumentation Eduard Zimmerman Catalog (1903)

10. Tone or Stern Variator c. 1910

11. TACHISTOSCOPE c. 1930 Stoelting, C. H. 1930. Apparatus, Tests and Supplies for Psychology, Psychometry, Psychotechnology, Psychiatry, Neurology, Anthropology, Phonetics, Physiology, and Pharmacology, courtesy, MPIWG

12. “Subject” and “Observer” became standard terms by end of 1900s. From,Spindler & Hoyer. 1908. Apparate für psychologische Untersuchungen., Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

13. Wilhelm Wundt Ethnic or Cultural Psychology on Language, Myth and Custom 1910-1920 (ten volumes)

14. William James (1842-1910) The Principles of Psychology (1890) As professor of physiology at Harvard James taught 1875 course:“The Relations between Physiology And Psychology” with laboratory component

15. Harvard Psychological Laboratory, 1892 Harvard University Archives

16. Psychological Laboratory Harvard,1893 Nichols, Herbert. 1893. The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. McClure's Magazine: 399-409, courtesy MPIWG

17. Münsterberg’s Laboratory, Harvard, c. 1915 From Roback, History of American Psychology, 1952

18. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) Trained with William James & Wundt; Set up Johns Hopkins Psychology Laboratory; President of Clark University, 1888; Helped form Child Study Movement

19. American Psychological Association founded 1892

20. Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) Trained with Wundt Psychologist at Cornell University from 1892-1927 “Structuralist” Advocated Introspection Examined the bits and pieces of consciousness; the sensations that one could report on while attending to one’s mental state very carefully.

21. CORNELL PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 1898 From E.B.Titchener, “ A Psychological Laboratory” Mind, New Series, Vol. 7, no. 27, (July, 1898) 311-331

22. Cornell Doctorates in Psychologysupervised by Titchener before 1900 • Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) 1896 Alice Julia Hamlin Walter Bowers Pillsbury • Issac Madison Bentley Eleanor Acheson McCulloch Gamble Stella Emily Sharp

23. From Rossiter, “Doctorates for American Women, 1868-1907” History of Education Quarterly, Summer, 1982, 22:2, p. 167

24. Titchener trained 22 women among his 56 graduate students from 1894-1927. From: E. Boring, “Edward Bradford Titchener 1867-1927” American Journal of Psychology Vol 38, No. 4, Oct. 1927, p. 506.

25. Ethel Puffer Howes (1872-1950) Studied at University of Berlin, and Freiburg Received Ph.D. Radcliffe, 1902 Taught at Radcliffe, Wellesley, Simmons Wrote Psychology of Beauty (1905) Her marriage (1908) effectively ended her career. June Etta Downey (1875-1932) Studied at University Chicago Professor of Philosophy Head of Philosophy/Psych. Dept At University of Wyoming Wrote Creative Imagination (1929)

26. “persistent vicious alternative, marriage or career—full personal life versus the way of achievement.” “Women are both inevitably impelled to, and interdicted from, marriage, children, and careers.” Ethel Puffer Howes, 1922, “Accepting the Universe” p. 452.

27. This method of patience, starving out, and harassing to death is tried; Nature must submit to a regular siege, in which minute advantages gained night and day by the forces that hem her in must sum themselves at last into her overthrow. There is little of the grand style about these new prism, pendulum and galvanometer philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.” (James, North American Review , 1875, p. 200). Functionalism—Consciousness as serving a function in the evolutionary process

28. Denkpsychologie (Thought Psychology) • Oswald Külpe (1862-1915) • Founded Institute of Psychology in 1896 at University of Würzburg, Germany • Wundt rejected findings of this school • Titchener hotly debated findings

29. International Psychology Meetings • 1889First international Congress of Psychology Paris Topics: hypnosis, and telepathic communication. • 1892Congress of Experimental Psychology, London Attendees: Francis Galton, Cesare Lombroso, Pierre Janet, even Hermann Helmoltz • 1886Congress of Experimental Psychology

30. World's Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893

31. Wax specimens in the Harvard Psychological Laboratory in Dane Hall, 1892 Harvard University Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) Chicago, 1893.

32. A Science of Education:Psychological Pedagogy • G. Stanley Hall wrote “The Contents of Children’s Minds” 1883 • Psychology introduced as a topic in 1891 National Education Association meeting • Hall spearheaded “child study movement at Clark University with local teachers • Use of surveys and questionnaires • New Journal: Pedagogical Seminary 1891