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Measuring Livestock Odors

Measuring Livestock Odors. Dr. Ron E. Sheffield LSU AgCenter rsheffield@agcenter.lsu.edu 225.205.4533. Olfaction -- Sense of Smell. Complex Evokes a physiological and emotional reaction Humans detect > 10,000 odors Manure over 150 odorous compounds Mixture of gases

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Measuring Livestock Odors

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  1. Measuring Livestock Odors Dr. Ron E. Sheffield LSU AgCenter rsheffield@agcenter.lsu.edu 225.205.4533

  2. Olfaction -- Sense of Smell • Complex • Evokes a physiological and emotional reaction • Humans detect > 10,000 odors • Manure over 150 odorous compounds • Mixture of gases • Extremely low concentrations • Health impacts?

  3. Gas vs Odor Measurement • Gas • Identify individual gases • Measure concentrations • Odor--Olfactometry • Analyze mixture • Correlates with odor • Uses human sense of smell

  4. Odor Measurement and Description • Intensity (strength) • Duration / Persistence • Frequency • Offensiveness / Hedonic tone • Character descriptor • Threshold concentrations (D/T) • Detection • Recognition

  5. Odor -- Sound Analogy • Odor . . . Sound • Below Detection . . . “I can’t hear it” • Detection . . . “I hear something” • Recognition . . . “It’s Elvis!” • Intensity . . . “How loud is it?”

  6. Odor Intensity Measurement Table 2. Odor Intensity Reference Scale Based on N - Butanol Equivalent head space Intensity category concentration of N - butanol Mixture of N - butanol in in air (ppm)* water (ppm) 0 No odor 0 0 1 Very Light 25 250 2 Light 75 750 3 Moderate 225 2250 4 Strong 675 6750 5 Very strong 2025 20250 ° * Based on air temperature of 20.3 C

  7. Duration / Persistence 10 Intensity 0 Decreasing Log Concentration (D/T)

  8. Smells like Mint – Musty Earth – Rotten Mold – Sewer Sulfur – Sour Ammonia – Pungent Menthol – Burned Character Descriptor

  9. Odor Measurement • Electronic nose • Correlates gases to odors • Similar to indicator gas • No accepted tool for manure odors • Olfactometer • Measures concentration • ASTM & European Standard • Scentometer

  10. Triangular Forced Choice Olfactometer • Dynamic • Triangular • Forced choice • Standardized procedures • ASTM • European Standard • Trained panelists

  11. Box Scentometer

  12. Facial Mask Field Olfactometer

  13. IdaNoseÒ Nasal Ranger Field Olfactometer

  14. Fenceline H2S Monitoring OdaLog-LR 0.01 – 2 ppm Jerome 860 0.1 – 10 ppm

  15. Odor Modeling • Correlate mathematical representations to the measured effect during real world situations. • Used for technology evaluation and planning • Not intended for regulatory enforcement • Currently no “ag odor” model incorporates real-world terrain features • Field Sniffers • Model Comparison

  16. Field Sniffers • Trained panelists • Measurements • N-butanol intensity scale • Scentometers • Field olfactometers • Charcoal filter masks • Record intensity • Validate dispersion model

  17. Field Sniffers Wind Direction 5 - 20 Meters 200 Meters 100 Meters 50 Meters Weather Station

  18. Evaluate the differences of odor concentrations determined by the three field olfactometers using trained panelists Variability between field olfactometers Correlation to field and laboratory measured odor intensity (n-butanol) Correlation to laboratory olfactometry panel Correlation to field and laboratory gas analysis Odor Methods Study

  19. Experimental Design Control • Laboratory olfactometry Treatments • Box scentometer • Facial mask field olfactometer • “Nasal Ranger” field olfactometer • Field n-butanol • Laboratory n-butanol • Jerome Meter (H2S/TRS) • Ammonia • GC/MS & GC/SPME

  20. Standard Deviation of logD/T WWPS Food Processor Freestall Dairy Open-Lot Dairy

  21. Standard Deviation of Intensity

  22. Emissions from Livestock Farms Methodology • 38 dairy and 15 beef feeding operations • August, 2003 and the April, 2004 • Three measurements • Summer (August & September) • Fall (October & November) • Spring (April) • “Blind” data set • Trained panelists – subset of panelists from Phase 1

  23. Openlot Dairies

  24. Corral Cleaning

  25. Freestall Dairy

  26. Calf Hutches

  27. Heifer Facility

  28. Average Dairy Odor Emissions

  29. Average Feedlot Odor Emissions

  30. Variability within Farm Groups

  31. Seasonal Variability - Source

  32. Seasonal Variability – 200m

  33. Compost – Static Compost – Turning of Fresh Manure Compost - Turning Corn Silage Bunker Corral Cleaning Slurry - Fresh/Vacuumed Manure Broadcast Application Solid Manure - Corral Manure Application Pivot Irrigation – Drag Tube @100% Manure Pivot Irrigation – Spray Nozzles @100% Manure Pivot Irrigation – Rotating Nozzles @100% Manure Pivot Irrigation – “Wobble” Nozzles @100% Manure Separated Solids Broadcast Application Settling Basin Settling Basin – covered Land Application and Manure Management Practices

  34. Slurry Manure Application

  35. Solid Manure Application

  36. Solid & Slurry Manure Application

  37. Wastewater Irrigation Sprinklers • Impact Sprinklers • Drop Nozzles • Sprays • Rotating Heads

  38. Nelson R3000 Rotator Nelson S3000 Spinner Senninger I-Wob

  39. Wastewater Irrigation - Drag Hose

  40. Liquid Effluent Land Application

  41. Odor Acceptability Is the odor present acceptable ………. ( -10 ”Unacceptable” … 0 … 10 “great”) as an odor on the farm property? _________ as an odor across the property line? _________ as an odor at a rural residence? _________ as an odor at a public event or private party? _________

  42. Unacceptable Odors (</= -5)

  43. Buffer Requirements • Most buffers are targeted on odors (even when states only have authority to minimize risk to water) • New or expanding construction • Distances vary greatly between areas • Most based on arbitrary distances rather than scientific procedures to reduce occurrence

  44. OFFSET: Odor From Feedlots Setback Estimation Tool • Scientific process to establish odor based setbacks • Developed by Univ. of Minnesota, adopted by MN and MI • Develops an Odor Emission Factor for all existing and proposed facilities Values shown are for Midwestern (IA, MN, MI) conditions, and assumes flat terrain

  45. Odor Emission Number x Area (sq.ft) x Odor Control Factor 10,000 Odor Emission Factor Odor Emission Number x Area (sq.ft) x Odor Control Factor Odor Emission Number x Area (sq.ft) x Odor Control Factor 10,000 10,000 10,000 • Determine Odor Emission Factor for each odor source on the farm • Barns • Manure Storage/Stockpiles • Feed Storage

  46. Odor Emission Numbers Values shown are for Midwestern (IA, MN, MI) conditions, and assumes flat terrain

  47. Odor Control Factors Values shown are for Midwestern (IA, MN, MI) conditions, and assumes flat terrain

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