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Foreword

Foreword.  In the course of three months - our staff will guide you through the secrets of Me- - dical Biophysics  You will attend Lectures and Practicals according to timetable (your questions e.g. how to get credit, substitution in the

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Foreword

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  1. Foreword  In the course of three months - our staff will guide you through the secrets of Me- - dical Biophysics  You will attend Lectures and Practicals according to timetable (your questions e.g. how to get credit, substitution in the case of illness, etc. are discussed with teachers during 1st Practical sessions ) For Instructions to organization of study and its content ask following teachers: Prof. Jakuš- head, Prof. Stransky- vicehead Asist.Prof. Poliaček, Fellow Ing. Knocikova

  2. Dept. of Medical Biophysics

  3. Content of study Covers following topics.:Biophysics of Cell, Transport membrane mechanisms, Resting and Action potentials , Muscle contraction, Synapse, Basics of respiration, Heart and circulatory sys-ems, Senses, Hearing, Vision. Changes in body due to action of mechanical an electromagnetic influences, Effects of Sound, Infrared and Ultravio-let radiations, Radioactivity, Diagnostic methods in human medicine: X-ray, Utrasound, Computer tomography, Magnetictomography, etc. Therapy in human medicine, Biocybernetics and many others. For more detailslook for some but most important Lectures being available on our faculty homepage: www.jfmed.uniba.sk/index.php?id=3649

  4. Study Literature 1.Lectures – thecontent results from Profes-sors experience, also from Textbook of Medical Biophysics (in Slovak ), also from Ganong´s Textbook of Physiology Content of some Lectures and Practicals ,Programme of Lectures, etc. are available on web.page www.jfmed.uniba.sk/index.php?id=3649 2.Textbooks- Nave & Nave:.Physics for Health Sciences,1985, Ronto,Tarjan et al. An introduc-tion to Biophysics with Medical Orientation, 1999 3. Booklet-Kukurova et al.Biophysical Elixir, 1991 4. Handouts for Practicals – (booklet is in press, however copy is available for students)

  5. Medical Biophysics. Biophysics of a Cell. Transport membrane mechanisms. Resting membrane potential. LECTURE 1 JánJakuš (www.jfmed.uniba.sk/index.php?id=3649) Martin 2008

  6. Medical Biophysics is an interdisciplinary subject of medical scien-ces,explaining basic problems of a human body at a level of atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs answers physical problems that appear in biology, chemistry, anatomy, physiology... explains effects of radiation, giving rules and recommendations for their use and safety explains and creates new methods and devices for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases

  7. Medical Biophysics - kind of Medicine Science

  8. HUMAN CELL Definition: Cell is a basic anatomical and functional unit of the body with total number of 60.000 bilions and size from 4-120 µm (10-6 m). Number of cells create tissues(206 bones ,600 muscles, nerves ),and organs Typical signs of living cell: own meta-bolism, excitability, reproduction Composition: surface membrane, cytoplasm,organelles(for details see our animations on Practical Sessions or Biology)

  9. SURFACE MEMBRANE

  10. Surface Membrane of RBC

  11. Surface Membrane (SM) Intracellular SM-covers subcellular structures (e.g.Nucleus, Golgi complex, mitochondria) Plasmatic SM - covers the surface of each cell Functions:semipermeability,division, protec-tion, integrative roles, transport of ions, source of enzymes, storage of electric charges , etc. Composition: SM is Phospholipid bilayer- 45%Hydrophilic heads(phosphates soluble in water) Hydrophobic tails(hydrocarbon fatty acids insoluble in water)+Proteins bilayer (periphe-ral, integral)- 55% , +sugar + cholesterol Heads are + electrically charged and directed to membrane exterior, tails are _ charged oriented to membrane interior

  12. Transport Membrane Mechanisms are responsible for movement of water and solutes across the cell membrane are of vital importance for cell metabo-lism, for production of resting and action membrane potentials Types: PASSIVE - it does not need deli-very of free energy. (Simple and Facilita-ted Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration). ACTIVE - free energy from ATP is vital (Na-K pump, Ca-pump, H-pump, exo-endo, - and phagocytosis)

  13. Simple Diffusion through cell membrane

  14. Simple Diffusion is a kind of passive membrane transport of H20, solutes, or gases( O2,CO2) from the space with higher concentration toward the space with lower one (along the concentration gra-dient), untill an equilibrium is established.Total volume of solution does not change. Rate of diffusion:Fick Law: J = -d . conc.grad.[d- koeficient of diffusion] Generally: diffusion depends -linearlyon conc. gradient, solubility of matter, ambient tempera-ture - nonlinearlyon a size of particles Types of diffusion: Simple, Facilitated, Throu-gh the protein channel

  15. Scheme of Facilitated Diffusion

  16. Facilitated Diffusion is a passive transport mechanism of bigger molecules (aminoacids),along a concentration gradient, when substance binds to a protein carrier thecarrier is protein placed within the membrane and undergoes a process of conformation (a change of its che-mistry) afterbindingand conformation,the carrier shifts and finally releases substance on an opposite site of a membrane

  17. Diffusion through the protein (ion selective) channels is a passive transport of ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- ,or low molecular soluble sub-stances through the protein channels within the membrane, along the concen-tration gradient Protein channels are 1.“voltage“gated - they are open or closed (gating) due to a membrane electricity,or 2.„ligand“gated-when e.g. a hormone binds to a channel, thus opening it.

  18. „Voltage“ and „ligand“ gated protein (ion selective) channels

  19. Filtration is a passive transport of water and small particles from a space with higher hyd-rostatic pressure to a space with lower one power that drives Filtration is Pressure gradient of a hydrostatic pressure(not a concentration gradient!) examples: filtration and resorption in capillary loop or in kidneys

  20. Osmosis is kind of passive transport through the semipermeable cell membrane, when only water moves from a space with lower concentration (lower osmotic pressure) to a space with higher conc. (higher osmotic pressure), till to equilibrium.Total volume of solution changes. (Van Hoff´s Law) normal osmolarity300 mOsm/l-isotonic solution (e.g. 0.9 % NaC,or 5% of glucose) Below- hypotonic solution Above- hypertonic solution example: Osmotic fragility of RBC (see practicals )

  21. OSMOSIS – scheme

  22. Changes in size of RBC due to osmosis

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