Chapter 21: Asia, Africa, and Australia in Transition Section 1: Asian Empires

1. Chapter 21: Asia, Africa, and Australia in TransitionSection 1: Asian Empires El Mamado World Studies 02/11/2010

2. A. The Qing Dynasty in China • The Qing Dynasty in China had a peaceful and prosperous reign.

3. A. The Qing Dynasty in China • Rulers of the Qing Dynasty • The first emperor of the Qing Dynasty was, six year old named Fu-Lin. • He died of smallpox at age of 23, and his six year old son, Kangxi succeeded him. • The Qing dynasty lasted for more than 260 years.

4. A. The Qing Dynasty in China • Social Order in the Qing Dynasty. • The ruling class was at the top of the social order, followed by the farmers. • During the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty, people created new kinds of social ties. • The new Hui-Kuan gave people financial aid and a place to live.

5. A. The Qing Dynasty in China • Culture and the Arts. • Porcelain was in higher demand in Europe. Europeans admired the beauty of porcelain and collected it. • Poetry was the highest art form for commercial travelers, and religious pamphlets and scriptures. • The Beijing opera began in 1790 as part of the emperor’s birthday celebration.

6. A. The Qing Dynasty in China • Government and Economics. • The Manchu Qing rulers kept the same Government organization as the Ming, and the previous dynasty. • The government’s official philosophy was neo-Confucian, a way of controlling people. • The Manchu were considered a foreign dynasty and cultures with the Chinese.

7. A. The Qing Dynasty in China • Philosophical and Religious Ideas. • China’s main religions an philosophies remained Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism. • Buddhism while receiving no state support, still attracted followers toward the end of the eighteenth century. • The leader of the White Lotus Society promised people that Buddha would return and end their suffering if the people reveled to Manchus.

8. B. The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan • The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan was a period of peace, prosperity, and culture.

9. B. The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan • Tokugawa Rule • The leader of Japan, Ieyasu built a strong government and moved to the center of Edo. • Leyasu’s family had to live in Edo year-round as a way to prevent the Daimyo from rebelling against the Shogun. • By 1639, almost all the foreigners had been expelled from Japan or killed, no Japanese people were allowed to leave the county.

10. B. The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan • Social Order Under the Shoguns. • The Japanese social order was based on the Chinese system, which used Confucian principles of a well-ordered society. • Japanese people were regarded as less important than farmers or artisans, and most of them had to remain in the class into which they were born with few exceptions. • The samurai worked to put down these rebellions, and they were expected to exhibit loyalty, honor, courage, and self-discipline.

11. B. The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan • Art and culture • The isolation of the country forced artists to concentrate on Japan and Japanese culture. • The fifth Tokugawa shogun set up schools that taught Japanese philosophy along with samurai skills. • Kabuki was the first theater for common people in Japan, the second type of theater was the bunraku puppet shows.

12. B. The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan • Isolation of Japan • Leyasu allowed Christian missionaries from Portugal and Spain to teach their religion in Japan. • In 1640, the Portuguese and Spanish visited Japan and kept the Japanese Christians harshly. • Following these actions by the shogun, Japan had little contact with the West for the next 200 years.

13. Section 2:African Societies and States.

14. A. West and Central African States and Societies. • Several large kingdoms developed in West and Central Africa in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries.

15. A. West and Central African States and Societies. • West African kingdoms and States. • By1700, the largest kingdoms in West Africa were the Ashanti, the Benin, and the Kanem-Bornu, a group of seven Known as the Hausa States. • The Ashanti kingdom on Africa’s Gold Coast was made up of many small states that had once been independent . • During the late 1600s, the Ashanti kingdom expanded both in population, which swelled to several million people, and in physical size.

16. A. West and Central African States and Societies. • Central African Kingdoms. • In central Africa, the Kongo kingdom began in the fourteenth century and lasted until the seventeenth century. • The Portuguese converted many of Kongo’s people to Christianity in 1578. Portuguese writer referred to Kongo as a large kingdom of six providence’. • The Lunda kingdom became one of central Africa’s largest empires around the 1740s.

17. B. Southern African people. • Southern African was home to many distinct cultural groups, each having its own heritage.

18. B. Southern African people. • The Zimbabwe Region. • The region around what is now Zimbabwe saw a number of groups rise to power. • One group called the Torwas moved the capital of the region from the ancient walled city of Great Zimbabwe to Khami. • The Torwas continued to use the techniques of stone building and pottery making of the Zimbabwe people until the end of the seventeenth century.

19. B. Southern African people. • The Khoisan • The Khoisan people formed from two groups, the Khoikhoi, or Khoi, and the San. • The San were hunter-gatherers, and the only domestic animals they kept were dogs. • The San had few material possessions except for their bows an arrows.

20. B. Southern African people. • Bantu-Speaking People • Many Bantu-speaking groups also lived in southern Africa • As their population increased, they spread into ever-wider areas and developed many language and culture group. • The Nguni people were a settled groups that hunted and grew crops, and its main wealth was in cattle.

21. B. Southern African people. • The Zulus and king Shaka • The Zulus were farming people in southern Africa. A serious drought caused them to seek new grazing lands. • King Shaka was a Zulu military leader from 1816 to 1828 he invented a short-handled stabling spear to replace the long-handled throwing his army. • In 1828, Shaka was killed by his half-brothers, one of whom, Dingane, became king.

22. C. Europeans in Southern Africa. • Portuguese, Dutch, and British traders became settlers in southern Africa.

23. C. Europeans in Southern Africa. • The Portuguese • Portuguese traders wanted ivory, gold and other minerals from southern Africa. • By the last 1660s, the Portuguese had succeeded in completely overtaking the trading power of the indigenous peoples. • Missionaries to southern Africa saw some success in their efforts to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity.

24. C. Europeans in Southern Africa. • The Dutch • The Dutch were the first Europeans to claim parts of present-day South Africa in 1615. • Their goal was to and from the place for Dutch ships to stock up on supplies on their way to and from the East Indies. • Dutch spoke a blended language the called Afrikaners.

25. C. Europeans in Southern Africa. • The British • The British government took the colony from the Dutch in 1795. • Traders, settlers, and Christian missionaries made up many colonies. • The Great Trek was a revolt against radical British policies.

26. C. Europeans in Southern Africa. • Southern Africa Conflicts • The resources of southern Africa were valuable to both the native peoples of southern Africa as well as to European colonizers. • Hostility toward the Dutch in southern Africa was not the only source of conflict in the region. • The result of all the conflicts in southern Africa was the people in this region took part in about 20 years of warfare during the early nineteenth century.

27. Section 3. Australia and New Zealand.

28. . Australia and New Zealand. • A. Australia and New Zealand. • The colonization of Australia and New Zealand occurred in the nineteenth century when Great Britain sent convicted criminals to Australia to serve their prison sentences.

29. Australia and new Zealand. • Unknown Southern Land • About 1,900 years ago the Greek geographer Ptolemy had a theory that there had to be landmasses south of Asia and Europe. • Spanish Portuguese, and Dutch explorers all sailed in the area of this unknown land before 1650. • On his first voyage in 1770, Captain James Cook claimed the eastern part of the Australia’s continent for Great Britain.

30. Australia and new Zealand. Settlers in Australia • The first people to settle Australia came from the Asian mainland over 40,000 years ago. • The Aborigines did not live in permanent settlements. • Although conflicts did rise from time to time, traditional society was mostly peaceful.

31. Australia and new Zealand. Europeans Arrivals. • The first Europeans to inhabit Australia were convicted criminals. • A group called “the first fleet” arrived in Sydney, Australia, with 568 male convict and 191 female convicts. • Many Aborigines died of smallpox spread by Europeans.

32. Australia and new Zealand. • Settlement Beginnings • Colonial traders and former convicts began to survive by shipbuilding and trading in whale oil and sealskins. • The colonies in Australia grew slowly until 1851, when gold was discovered • It was named Canberra - an Aboriginal word meaning “meeting place.

33. Australia and new Zealand. • New Zealand • New Zealand consists of two main islands, North Island, and South Island, and a number of smaller ones. • The Maori agreed to accept Queen Victory as their ruler and sell their land only to the government. • Conflict over land and ownership arose between the government and the Maori.

34. Southeast Asia. • B. The nations of Southeast Asia have many cultures and traditions.

35. Southeast Asia. • Nations of Southeast Asia • Ten nations make up Southeast Asia, those nations were: Myanmar, which was formerly called Burma; Thailand; Vietnam; Cambodia; Laos; Malaysia; Indonesia; The Philippines; Brunei; and Singapore. • However, many of these island civilizations shared certain characteristics. For example their economy were based on fishing and growing rice. • Another chief religion of Southeast Asia was, and still is India, and China had the rich market of Southeast Asia to themselves.

36. Australia and new Zealand. Religion of Southern Asia • Religion beliefs that in Southeast Asia were primarily influenced by either India of China. • Another chief of Southeast Asia was accomplished mainly through merchants and sailors who spread the Islamic religion in Southeast Asia. • Today, Indonesia has one of the largest Muslim population’s in the world.

37. Australia and new Zealand. • Europeans in Southeast Asia. • For hundreds of years, traders from the Middle East, India and China had the rich markets of Southeast Asia to themselves. • They set up trading posts in several ports, including Borneo and Java • Europeans were able to expend colonial rule because of their superior technology and the presence of a strong European merchant community in the region.

38. C. Pacific Island Cultures. • Pacific island cultures experienced changes with the coming of the Europeans.

39. C. Pacific Island Cultures. • European explores • Several Europeans explored the South Pacific region from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. • In 1567, the Spaniard Alvaro de Mendaña found the Salomon Islands. • James Cook, an excellent navigator, made three trips to explore the Pacific region between 1768 and 1779.

40. Pacific Island Cultures. • Europeans Traders and Settlers. • Traders were the first to arrive and came for coconut oil and sandalwood, the fragrant wood of the tree. • The Islands also served as a valuable source of supplies to the Australian settlement . • Missionaries came to convert the native peoples of the Pacific Island to Christianity, they also convinced many islanders to give up their traditional beliefs and customs.