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Regulation of gene expression

Regulation of gene expression. Haixu Tang School of Informatics. Genetic material are not lost. Different Cell Types Synthesize Different Sets of Proteins. Many processes are common to all cells, and any two cells in a single organism therefore have many proteins in common.

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Regulation of gene expression

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  1. Regulation of gene expression Haixu Tang School of Informatics

  2. Genetic material are not lost

  3. Different Cell Types Synthesize Different Sets of Proteins • Many processes are common to all cells, and any two cells in a single organism therefore have many proteins in common. • Some proteins are abundant in the specialized cells in which they function and cannot be detected elsewhere, even by sensitive tests. Hemoglobin, for example, can be detected only in red blood cells. • Studies of the number of different mRNAs suggest that, at any one time, a typical human cell expresses approximately 10,000 20,000 of its approximately 30,000 genes • Although the differences in mRNAs among specialized cell types are striking, they nonetheless underestimate the full range of differences

  4. Gene Expression is regulated in Response to External Signals

  5. Switching devices for gene regulation • Short stretches of DNA of defined sequence (cis-elements) • gene regulatory proteins that recognize and bind to them (trans-factors)

  6. Base pairs in DNA can be recognized from their edges

  7. DNA conformation changes after protein binding

  8. Table 7-1. Some Gene Regulatory Proteins and the DNA Sequences That They Recognize

  9. DNA binding on the major groove

  10. The DNA-binding helix-turn-helix motif

  11. Some helix-turn-helix DNA-binding proteins

  12. lambda Cro protein

  13. Hemeodomain

  14. Zinc fingers

  15. DNA binding by a zinc finger protein

  16. A dimer of the zinc finger domain

  17. b sheets Can Also Recognize DNA

  18. Leucine Zipper

  19. Heterodomain of Leucine zipper

  20. Dimerization of HTH

  21. A heterodimer composed of two homeodomain

  22. DNA-protein interaction

  23. DNA recognition code

  24. Gel-mobility assay

  25. DNA affinity chromatography

  26. Tryptophan switch

  27. Switch on/off

  28. Switch on/off by tryptophan binding

  29. Dual control of the lacoperon

  30. Enhancers from distance

  31. Binding of two proteins to separate sites on the DNA double helix can greatly increase their probability of interacting

  32. Protein interaction in gene switch

  33. Gene control region for a eukaryotic gene

  34. The modular structure of a gene activator protein

  35. Transcriptional synergy

  36. Repressor

  37. Assembled complex

  38. The nonuniform space distribution

  39. Switching gene expression by DNA inversion in bacteria.

  40. Control of cell type in yeast

  41. Cassette model of yeast mating-type switching

  42. Speculative model for the heterochromatin

  43. A positive feedback loop

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