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Practical Applications of Immunology

Practical Applications of Immunology. Vaccine. Suspension of organisms or part of organisms that is used to induce immunity Edward Jenner – 1798 – smallpox Immune response mimics recovery from disease Vaccination is the best way to control viral disease

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Practical Applications of Immunology

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  1. Practical Applications of Immunology

  2. Vaccine • Suspension of organisms or part of organisms that is used to induce immunity • Edward Jenner – 1798 – smallpox • Immune response mimics recovery from disease • Vaccination is the best way to control viral disease • Herd immunity – immunity in most of a population that limits the spread of disease

  3. Types of vaccines • Attenuated whole-agent vaccines • Live but weakened microbes • Closely resemble actual infection • Typical lifelong immuity • Potential problem – live microbe can back mutate to a virulent form • Examples: • Sabin polio vaccine • MMR vaccine

  4. Types of vaccines • Inactivated whole-agent vaccines • Killed microbes • Formalin and phenol • Examples: • Rabies • Influenza • Salk polio vaccine • Pneumococcal vaccine

  5. Types of vaccines • Toxoids • Inactivated toxins • Tetanus, diphtheria • Boosters required • Subunit vaccines • Antigenic fragments • Hepatitis B • Conjugated vaccines • Polysaccharide combined with antigen • Used in children for early immunization • Hib vaccine • Nucleic acid vaccines

  6. Vaccines used in the US to prevent viral disease • Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans • Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus • Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus • Rabies: Inactivated virus • Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus • Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus • Measles: Attenuated virus • Mumps: Attenuated virus • Rubella: Attenuated virus • Chickenpox: Attenuated virus • Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)

  7. Monoclonal Antibodies • Technique to make a single type of antibody in unlimited amounts • Fusion of an antibody producing B cell with a myeloma cell – immortal antibody producing cell • HYBRIDOMA • Hybridoma cells produce large quantities of a specific antibody

  8. Monoclonal AntibodiesUses and Problems • Uses • Diagnostic • Pregnancy tests • Therapeutic • Transplant rejection • Cancer treatment – Herceptin • Problems • Antibodies are mouse protein and cause reactions in the human body

  9. Precipitin Reactions • Reaction of soluble antigens with IgG and IgM antibodies • Form visible molecular aggregates called LATTICES • Precipitation only occurs where the ratio of antigen to antibody is optimal

  10. Precipitation curve

  11. Precipitin ring test

  12. Precipitation is done in agar gel Visible line of precipitation form in the gel where optimal ratios are reached Immunodiffusion test

  13. Agglutination Reactions • Particulate antigens, such as cells, and antibodies • Form visible clumps or aggregates • Very sensitive and easy to read • Direct agglutination tests • Detect antibodies against large cellular antigens – RBC’s, bacteria, fungi • Antibody titer • Indirect agglutination tests • Antigens absorbed onto latex spheres

  14. Antibody Titer • Concentration of antibody in serum • The higher the antibody titer the greater the immunity to disease • Antibody titer is often measured to assess the process of a vaccination procedure • Hepatitis B antibody titer • Seroconversion –no antibody titer before the illness but significant titer while the disease is progressing

  15. Agglutination reaction Figure 18.5

  16. Direct agglutination Figure 18.6 - Overview

  17. Indirect Agglutination Figure 18.7 - Overview

  18. Viral hemagglutination Figure 18.8

  19. Neutralization Reactions • Antigen-antibody reaction that can block the harmful effects of toxins or viruses • Neutralizing substance is an antibody produced by the host • Called an ANTITOXIN • Antitoxin combines with the toxin and the toxin is neutralized

  20. Figure 18.9 - Overview (1 of 5)

  21. Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques • Quick, sensitive and very specific procedures used to identify microorganisms in clinical specimens or antibodies in serum • Combine antibodies with a fluorescent dye • Direct FA tests • Microorganisms in clinical samples • Indirect FA tests • Detect antibodies in serum

  22. Figure 18.11 – Overview

  23. Enzyme –linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) • Widely used enzyme assays • Direct ELISA • Detects antigen • Common use is in drug screening in urine • Indirect ELISA • Detects antibodies in patient sample • Common example is screening blood for antibodies to HIV

  24. Direct and Indirect ELISA Figure 18.14 - Overview

  25. Figure 18.13 – Overview (1 of 3)

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