Demography: The study of migration

1. Demography: The study of migration

2. Types of movement • Activity space • Daily routine • Magnitude varies in different societies • Technology has expanded daily activity spaces

3. Three types of human movement:Cyclic movementPeriodicMigratory Activity space for a family: daily routine Circulation, cyclical movements Most common: going to and from work

4. “Push” and “Pull” Factors • Push factors induce people to move away from an area. Pull factors: induced to come to an area • 1. economic: jobs • 2. political/cultural: -slavery -political instability 3. environmental: -pull factors: attractive climates, scenic -push factors: adverse conditions, flooding, earthquakes, tsunami, hurricanes, etc

5. “Push” and “Pull” Factors • Distance decay • Step migration • Intervening opportunity

6. Catalysts of migration • Economic conditions • Political circumstances • Armed conflict and civil war • Environmental conditions • Culture and tradition • Technological advances • Flow of information

7. Theories about migration • Ravenstein’s “laws” of migration • Net migration is a fraction of gross migration between two places • The majority of migration is short • If move longer distances, then big-city • Urban dwellers less migratory than rural • Families less likely to move internationally than young adults

8. Theories about migration • The Gravity model • Loosely based on Newton • “Migrant flow from one place to another is proportional to the product of their populations” • Higher population = more migrant flow • Lower population = less migrant flow • Has its flaws, but also applications through mathematical manipulation

9. What hinders migration? • Intervening obstacles: • An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. • Example: pioneers hindered from getting to California by the Great Plains, the Rocky Mts. Or a desert. • Example: The Atlantic Ocean, the interior of Africa • Today: government policies that restrict visas

10. Voluntary migrations • Voluntary migration • Generate a return • Represents the numbers going from the source to the destination minus those returning to the source

11. China: What kind? Internal Migration: interregional and intraregional

12. Internal migration. What Kind? • In US, African-Americans moved northward during WW I • Rural • Return to South • Perceived opportunities in South

13. Rural to urban: the most common intraregional (internal) migration globally in LDCsIn MDCs the most common form of intraregional migration is urban to suburban areas.

14. Internal migration changes demographic makeup over time.

15. Internal Migrations • Internal migrations • In the United States, has carried the center of population westward and southward • In US, African-Americans moved northward during WW I • Rural • Return to South • Perceived opportunities in South • Eastward migration in Russia • Pattern? Railroads and feeder lines; established Vladivostok • Post-Soviet regime

16. External Migration: International • External migration: Moving from one country to another, crossing international borders

17. Brain Drain: when highly educated people migrate to another country for better opportunities.http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/12/philippines_hav.html • Many highly educated people from the Philippine Islands migrate to the U.S. to work because they can improve their standard of living. In the video, nurses in the P.I. make $500 a year compared to $2,000 a month in the U.S. when they migrate. • What type of push and pull factor would this be?

18. Forced Migrations

19. Forced Migrations -Native Americans (1800s) -French Acadians from Grand Pres, Nova Scotia 1755 British convicts (1788) and how it affects the current demographics

20. The Migration Process: Major modern migrations pre-1950

21. The Migration Process • European Emigration • Greatest migration in recent history -Colonies -1840-1850 NW Europe -1880-1890 NW Europe -1900-1920 SE Europe OTHER NET-IN MIGRATION -1960-1970s Asia -1980 on Latin America

22. Most documented immigrants to the U.S.: MexicoMost undocumented immigrants to the U.S.: Mexico1980s-present most immigrants come from Latin America

23. Illegal immigration from Mexico to the United States.

24. Worldwide migration to the U.S.

25. Short video resources about Mexican immigration to the U.S. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/mexico/ http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/watch/player.html?pkg=704_crimes&seg=1&mod=0

26. Example of Chinese international migration in Southeast Asia

27. Post-1945 External Migrations • Flow of Jewish immigrants to Israel • Palestine, 1900 vs. 1948 • Formation of Israel • Now a flashpoints

28. The United Nations official definition of a refugee is a person that crosses an international border but unofficially, most refugees are internally displaced persons, or IDPs, and stay within their home country.

29. Migration and Dislocation:The Refugee Problem • Large population movements tend to produce major social problems • World’s refugee population proportionately has grown faster than its total population • In 1970, the world had about 2.9 million refugees • In 2000, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees reported some 24 million people qualified as refugees • http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home

30. Migration and Dislocation:The Refugee Problem • Uncertain dimensions • Who is a refugee? • Refugees or poor & desperate? • Palestinians: in Jordan & Lebanon • Identifiable by at least three characteristics: • Move without any more tangible property than they can carry with them • First “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat • Move without official documents

31. Migration and Dislocation:The Refugee Problem • Regions of dislocation • Sub-Saharan Africa • North Africa and Southwest Asia • South Asia • Southeast Asia • Europe • Elsewhere

32. More Frontline videos to watch on refugee situations:http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2008/10/rwanda_after_th.html

33. http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2006/08/22/18299463.phpPodcast about Rebels in Darfur

34. http://www.migrationinformation.org/

35. Resources • De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. • Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, 2010. The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. • Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, 2008. HumanGeography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. • Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, 2008. World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York.   • Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. • Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of • China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.