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DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis

DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis. DNA Structure DNA Replication : DNA  DNA RNA Structure Protein Synthesis Transcription : DNA RNA Translation : mRNA  amino acid. Human Genotype. The human genotype contains 46 chromosomes Each chromosome has 2 chromatid legs

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DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis

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  1. DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis • DNA Structure • DNA Replication : DNA  DNA • RNA Structure • Protein Synthesis • Transcription : DNA RNA • Translation : mRNA  amino acid

  2. Human Genotype • The human genotype contains 46 chromosomes • Each chromosome has 2 chromatid legs • Each chromatid leg has thousands of genes • Each gene has thousands of DNA nucleotides in loose strands called chromatin

  3. Role of DNA • 1) DNA stores the genetic information in the nucleus until is time to pass the genetic information on to progeny • 2) DNA is the blueprint for the cell to make proteins

  4. DNA Structure • DNA is a double helix = twisted ladder • DNA is a polymer of DNA monomers • Eg. DNA nucleotides in a DNA strand are like beads in a necklace

  5. DNA Nucleotide • Each nucleotide has 3 sub-components • 1) 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose • 2) phosphate group • 3) nitrogen-containing base

  6. DNA Nucleotide Base • There are four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) • The name of the DNA nucleotide is the name of the base • The DNA nucleotides undergo “complementary” base-pairing: A=T , T=A, G=C, C=G

  7. DNA Nucleotides • Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases : • A=T T=A G=C C=G • Keeps the two DNA strands together in the double helix shape

  8. DNA Replication • DNA Replication = 1 “Parent” Double Strand DNA  2 “Progeny” Double Strand DNA • DNA Replication is called “Semi-conservative” because each progeny double strand DNA has one original parent DNA strand and one new DNA strand

  9. DNA Replication DNA replication requires 3 enzymes: • DNA helicase : “unzips” the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases • DNA polymerase : attaches new DNA nucleotide to complementary DNA nucleotide in parent DNA strand • DNA ligase: ties the strands back together

  10. DNA Double helix Deoxyribose sugar A=T, T=A, G=C, C=G DNA remains in nucleus RNA Single strand Ribose sugar Uracil base replaces Thymine base A=U, T=A, G=C, C=G RNA is made in nucleus and moved to cytoplasm RNA Structure

  11. Role of RNA • Messenger RNA : carries protein synthesis information stored in DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm • Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis • Ribosomal RNA: combines with proteins to make the ribosomes

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