英语听力情况调查

1. 英语听力情况调查 Questionnaire on English listening

2. General instruction • The following questionnaire is designed to understand how Chinese students learn English in a listening class. Please answer…

3. Specific instructions • Below are some statements referring to how you feel when you listen to tapes in English in the listening class. There are no right or wrong answer…

4. Conceptual framework

5. Physical symptoms 1. My heart beats very faster when I’m listening to English although I’ve got well prepared. 2. My hands are sweaty when I am listening to English even if the material is not difficult for me. 3. I feel very nervous when I am asked to do listening comprehension questions in class although I know I can do them.

6. 4. I feel nervous when I meet the critical eyes of the teacher during a listening class. 5. I feel nervous in a listening class whenever the teacher is present. 6. I feel embarrassed when the teacher asks me to repeat what I have heard.

7. Trait anxietyrefers to learners’ inherent discomfort and nervousness that is a relatively stable personality feature Environmental anxietyrefers to the discomfort, nervousness or embarrassment induced by the environmental factors.

9. Tasks for this morning Discuss Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire Analyze the data Discuss the questionnaires designed by two participants

10. TESOL QUARTERLY, Vol. 21, No. 1, March 1987 The Learning Style Preferences of ESL Students JOY M. REID Colorado State University

11. Conceptual definition …learning styles, is broadly described as “cognitive, affective, and physiological traits that are relatively stable indicators of how learners perceive, interact with, and respond to the learning environment” (Keefe, 1979a, p. 4).

12. Research with U.S. school children (R. Dunn, 1983, 1984; Reinert, 1976) has demonstrated that learners have four basic perceptual learning channels (or modalities):

13. Subcategories of learning styles • Visual learning: reading, studying charts • Auditory learning: listening to lectures, audiotapes • Kinesthetic learning: experiential learning, that is, total physical involvement with a learning situation • Tactile learning: “hands-on” learning, such as building models or doing laboratory experiments

14. Questions • Structure of the questionnaire • The items of different categories • Problems in the questionnaire

15. Perceptual learning styles • Visual learning • 3, 7, 9, 17, 20 • Auditory learning • 1, 4, 6, 13, 15 • Tactile learning • 8, 10, 12, 16, 18 • Kinesthetic learning • 2, 5, 11, 14, 19

16. Problems • Explanation • Opinion and behavior • Five-point scale

17. The source of items A self-reporting questionnaire was developed on the basis of existing learning style instruments, with modifications suggested by NNS informants and U.S. consultants in the fields of linguistics, education, and cross-cultural studies.

18. The survey, which was constructed and validated for NNSs, consisted of randomly arranged sets of 5 statements on each of the six learning style preferences to be measured: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile, group learning, and individual learning.

19. Validation Validation of the questionnaire was done by the split-half method. Correlation analysis of an original set of 60 statements (10 per learning style) determined which 5 statements should remain within each subset.

20. Outline 1. Criteria for a good questionnaire 2. Procedures for constructing a questionnaire

21. I. Criteria for a good questionnaire • For questionnaire items • Valid, reliable and unambiguous • For questionnaire format • Having a professional outlook

22. 2. Procedures for constructing a questionnaire (1) Decide the mode of administration • By person • By mail

23. (2) Different types of information • Factual questions • gender / age /name /date of birth • Behavior questions (What does a respondent do?) • Actions / feelings • Attitudinal questions (What does a respondent think?) • opinions / beliefs /preferences/reasons (Dornyei, 2002:8-9)

24. (3) Determine the way you process the data • Individual-item-based questionnaire • describe the frequency and mean of one isolated item • Category-based questionnaire • describe the mean of a category that contains three or more questionnaire items

25. Questionnaire The following questionnaire is designed to find out to what extent you are interested in research. The information obtained will help me improve my teaching. Please answer each question frankly and honestly.

26. Part I: Please answer each question by writing down the question number together with the letter that can best indicate what you really do. The letters stand for the following responses. A = This statement is never or almost never true of me. B = This statement is usually not true of me. C = This statement is somewhat true of me. D = This statement is usually true of me. E = This statement is completely or almost true of me.

27. 1. I read research papers in Chinese. 2. I read research papers in English. 3. I conduct empirical studies. 4. I publish research papers in Chinese 5. I publish research papers in English 6. I read books on research methods. 7. I have very little knowledge about research methods. 8. I am eager to learn more about research methods. Part II: Background information Gender_________ Age __________ Education Level ____________ (BA/MA) In which university are you teaching? _______________

28. Category-based questionnaire • When speaking in English, I first organize what I want to say in Chinese and then translate it into English. • I translate the English text into Chinese to understand the text better. • When writing in English, I first organize what I want to express in Chinese and then translate it into English. • I remember in Chinese what I have understood through listening to English.

29. Mother-tongue-use strategy • Listening • Speaking • Reading • Writing

30. L2 learner anxiety 1. My heart beats very faster when I’m asked to answer question although I’ve got well prepared. 2. My face flushes whenever I try to say something in English in class. 3. I feel very nervous when I am asked to answer a big question in class although I know how to do it.

31. 4. I feel nervous when I meet the critical eyes of the teacher during my oral presentation in class. 5. I feel nervous during a group discussion whenever the teacher is present. 6. I feel somewhat embarrassed when the teacher asks me to repeat what I have said.

32. Trait anxietyrefers to learners’ inherent discomfort and nervousness that is a relatively stable personality feature Environmental anxietyrefers to the discomfort, nervousness or embarrassment induced by the environmental factors.

33. (4) Deciding the content of individual items • Using ordinary words • Avoid ambiguous words • Avoid a leading questions

34. (5) Choose question structure • Multiple-choice questions • Dichotomous questions • Scales

35. Multiple-choice questions How do you learn the cultural differences in your daily life? Please check as many as you like. (1) Read English magazines, and books on Western customs and etiquette (2) See English movies and videos (3) Actively interacting with native speakers of English.

36. Dichotomous questions (1) Do you talk to yourself in English outside class? －Yes －No (2) Do you often read English newspapers? －Yes －No

37. (6) Determining the order of questions • Background information first • General question first • Easy question first • Questions of the same category must be spread out

38. (7) Deciding the format of a questionnaire Over the past 15 years I have increasingly come to he belief that producing an attractive and professional design is half the battle in eliciting reliable and valid data (Dornyei, 2003: 19)

39. (8) Conducting one pilot study or more • To check whether there is any ambiguity or misunderstanding • To examine whether the preconceived categories can meet the statistical requirement

40. (4)What should be included in a questionnaire? • A general explanation • Background information • Instructions/directions • Questionnaire items

41. Discussion in pairs • What are included in this questionnaire? • How do you classify these 20 items into four categories? • Is there any problem in this questionnaire? Can you improve it?

42. The structure of a questionnaire • Background information • Explanation & instructions • Questionnaire items (investigating behaviors) • Expressing thanks

43. Five-point scale 1 = This statement is never or almost never true of me. 2 = This statement is usually not true of me. 3 = This statement is somewhat true of me. 4 = This statement is usually true of me. 5 = This statement is completely or almost completely true of me.

44. 3. SELECTING SUBJECTS • Three basic random sampling techniques • simple random sampling • systematic random sampling • stratified random sampling

45. Simple random sampling With simple random sampling, each unit is numbered from 1 to N (where N is the size of the population). Next, a table of random numbers is used to select n items to the sample.

46. 01 Beijing University 11 Liaoning Normal University02 Qinghua University 12 Sichuan University03 Beijing Normal University 13 Wuhan University04 Fudan University 14 Nankai University05 Huadong Normal University 15 Zhongshan University06 Nanjing Normal University 16 Henan University07 Shanghai University 17 Shantou University08 Dongnan University 18 Zhejiang University09 Nanjing University 19 Shangdong University10 Hehai University 20 Xiamen University Table 6.4: Numbered population of 20 universities

47. Task One Select 10 universities out of the 20 universities

48. A brief table of random numbers 9156742595279583013404024863852988099730 4650318584188454961802304510382065558727 3491463976887208276534476170328758940836 574911670323167493234502133132 12544 41035 30405 83946 23792 14422 15059 45799 22716 19792 09983 74353 68668 30429 70735 25499 16631 35006 85900 07119 97336 71048 08178 77233 13916 47564

49. 01 Beijing University11 Liaoning Normal University02 Qinghua University12 Sichuan University03 Beijing Normal University13 Wuhan University04 Fudan University14 Nankai University05 Huadong Normal University15 Zhongshan University06 Nanjing Normal University16 Henan University07 Shanghai University17 Shantou University08 Dongnan University18 Zhejiang University09 Nanjing University19 Shangdong University10 Hehai University20 Xiamen University 01, 02, 04, 09, 10, 18, 20,11, 03, 16

50. Systematic random sampling Why do we need systematic random sampling? Suppose the total number of a population consists of 900 students and you would like to select 30 students out of them as a random sample. Following the technique of simple random sampling, you need to spend a lot of time.