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Chapter 22

Chapter 22. Europe: The End of the Middle Ages. The Rise of the Secular State . The impact of economic change Popes & Mendicant Orders check heresy Spiritual problem of prosperity Loss of respect for Church Taxes Fees. The French Monarchy. Louis IX – St. Louis (1226-70)

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Chapter 22

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  1. Chapter22 Europe: The End of the Middle Ages

  2. The Rise of the Secular State • The impact of economic change • Popes & Mendicant Orders check heresy • Spiritual problem of prosperity • Loss of respect for Church • Taxes • Fees

  3. The French Monarchy • Louis IX – St. Louis (1226-70) • Parliament of Paris • Heard appeals of local administrative agents and from courts of feudal lords • Established legal basis for royal claims to supremacy over all subjects • Crusades 1248 & 1270 • Canonized • Crusades • Political value

  4. St. Louis

  5. The English Monarchy • Henry III (1216-72) • 1225 reconfirms Magna Carta • 1240 out of favor with English Barons over policy • 1258 Heavily in debt – asks barons to reform government • Simon de Montfort gains control – defeated by Edward 1265

  6. Lateran Council of 1215 Trial by Ordeal

  7. Edward I and Parliament • Edward I (1272-1307): 2 objectives • Restore royal authority • Become supreme ruler of the British Isles • Edward makes greater use of Parliament • Get advice on policy, Settle difficult legal cases, Make statutes, and obtain grants of taxes • “Model Parliament” - 1295 • Representatives of all counties and towns

  8. France Under Philip the Fair (1287-1314) • French barons struggle to preserve local rights • Bureaucrats grow enormously during reign • Spent large part of reign warring with great vassals (King of England & Count of Flanders) • Difficulty in raising taxes • Explains military weakness • Estates General never becomes as powerful as English Parliament

  9. Ideas that Distinguish the Modern Sovereign State • The welfare of the state was the greatest good • The defense of the realm was the greatest necessity • Opposition to duly constituted authority was the greatest evil

  10. The Struggle with the Church • Boniface VIII (1294-1303) • Question of loyalties of clergy – to church or state? • Popes of Avignon (1305-1378) • Known as the Babylonian Captivity

  11. The Great Schism • Pope Gregory XI Returns to Rome (1377) • Pope Urban VI (1378-1389) • Pope Clement VII (1378-1394) • Council of Constance 1417

  12. Bubonic Plague • The Little Ice Age, c. 1300 CE • Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread famine • Bubonic Plague spreads from south-west China • Carried by fleas on rodents • Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese Interior

  13. Spread of Plague • Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west • 1346 Black Sea ports • 1347 Mediterranean ports • 1348 Western Europe

  14. Path of the Plague

  15. Symptoms of the Black Plague • Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area • Buboes, hence Bubonic • 60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms • Extreme northern climates less affected • Winter hard on flea population • India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected • Reasons unknown

  16. Population Decline (millions)

  17. Social and Economic Effects • Massive labor shortage • Demand for higher wages • Population movements • Governments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf movements • Riots result

  18. England in the Later Middle Ages • Edward II (1327-77) • Loved courtly magnificence and chivalric warfare • The Hundred Years’ War: The first phase • Edward & his son The Black Prince (also named Edward) capture French King • French pay ransom for king and cede 2/5’s of their country • French have no intention of keeping treaty, launch war of attrition that exhausts England’s resources

  19. Rebellion & Revolution • Richard (1377-1399) • Barons rule inefficiently • Peasant rebellion 1381 • Richard tries to increase royal power 1386, fails to secure army • Duke of Lancaster takes thrown as Henry IV (1399-1413)

  20. The Hundred Years’ War: The Second Phase • Henry V (1413-22) • Forces Charles VI to accept treaty • Henry VI – infant king • Charles VII – Claims French thrown

  21. Joan of Arc

  22. The Defeat of England • Charles VII (1422-61) • Joan of Arc • “To make war on the Holy Kingdom of France was to make war on the Lord Jesus.”

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