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XML

6. XML. 6.1 XML. Outline. XML XSL / XSLT DTD DOM XSD XPath XForms. What is XML?. XML stands for E X tensible M arkup L anguage A meta-language for descriptive markup: you invent your own tags XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an XML Schema to describe the data

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XML

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  1. 6 XML 6.1 XML

  2. Outline • XML • XSL / XSLT • DTD • DOM • XSD • XPath • XForms

  3. What is XML? • XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language • A meta-language for descriptive markup: you invent your own tags • XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an XML Schema to describe the data • XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to be self-descriptive • Built-in internationalization via Unicode • Built-in error-handling • Optimized for network operations • Tons of support from the big IT companies

  4. Some History • SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) • ISO Standard, 1986, for data storage & exchange • Metalanguage for defining languages (through DTDs) • A famous SGML language: HTML • Separation of content and display • Used in U.S. gvt. & contractors, large manufacturing companies, technical info. Publishers,... • SGML reference is 600 pages long • XML • W3C recommendation in 1998 • Simple subset (80/20 rule) of SGML: “ASCII of the Web”, “Semantic Web” • XML specification is 26 pages long

  5. Timeline • 1986 • SGML becomes a standard • 1989 • Tim Berners-Lee creates the WWW • 1994 • W3C established • 1998 • XML 1.0 W3C Recommendation • Jan 2000 • XHTML becomes W3C Recommendation • A Reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0 • Oct 2000 • W3c XML 1.0 (Second Edition) Recommendation • http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml • Oct 2002 • XML 1.1 Candidate Recommendation • updates XML to use Unicode 3

  6. XML and HTML • XML is not a replacement for HTML • XML was designed to carry data • XML and HTML were designed with different goals • XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is • HTML was designed to display data and to focus on how data looks. • HTML is about displaying information, while XML is about describing information

  7. HTML and XML, I HTML is used to mark up text so it can be displayed to users XML is used to mark up data so it can be processed by computers HTML describes both structure (e.g. <p>, <h2>, <em>) and appearance (e.g. <br>, <font>, <i>) XML describes only content, or “meaning” In XML, you make up your own tags HTML uses a fixed, unchangeable set of tags

  8. HTML and XML, II • HTML and XML look similar, because they are both SGML languages • Both HTML and XML use elements enclosed in tags • Both use tag attributes • More precisely, • HTML is defined in SGML • XML is a (very small) subset of SGML

  9. HTML and XML, III • HTML is for humans • HTML describes web pages • You don’t want to see error messages about the web pages you visit • Browsers ignore and/or correct as many HTML errors as they can, so HTML is often sloppy • XML is for computers • XML describes data • The rules are strict and errors are not allowed • In this way, XML is like a programming language • Current versions of most browsers can display XML

  10. XML does not DO anything • XML was not designed to DO anything • XML is created to structure, store and to send information • The following example is a book info, stored as XML: <?xml version='1.0'?> <bookstore> <book genre=‘autobiography’ publicationdate=‘1981’ ISBN=‘1-861003-11-0’> <title>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</title> <author> <first-name>Benjamin</first-name> <last-name>Franklin</last-name> </author> <price>8.99</price> </book> … </bookstore>

  11. XML is Free and Extensible • XML tags are not predefined • You must "invent" your own tags • The tags used to mark up HTML documents and the structure of HTML documents are predefined • The author of HTML documents can only use tags that are defined in the HTML standard • XML allows the author to define his own tags and his own document structure

  12. Application X Database Repository Configuration Documents XML Future • XML is going to be everywhere • XML is a cross-platform, software and hardware independent tool for transmitting information. XML XML XML XML

  13. Benefits of XML • Open W3C standard • Representation of data across heterogeneous environments • Cross platform • Allows for high degree of interoperability • Strict rules • Syntax • Structure • Case sensitive

  14. How can XML be Used? • XML can Separate Data from HTML • With XML, your data is stored outside your HTML • XML is used to Exchange Data • With XML, data can be exchanged between incompatible systems • With XML, financial information can be exchanged over the Internet • XML can be used to Share Data • XML can be used to Store Data • XML can make your Data more Useful • XML can be used to Create new Languages

  15. Components of an XML Document • Elements • Each element has a beginning and ending tag • <TAG_NAME>...</TAG_NAME> • Elements can be empty (<TAG_NAME/>) • Attributes • Describes an element; e.g. data type, data range, etc. • Can only appear on beginning tag • Processing instructions • Encoding specification (Unicode by default) • Namespace declaration • Schema declaration

  16. Components of an XML Document <?xml version=“1.0” ?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href=“template.xsl"?> <ROOT> <ELEMENT1><SUBELEMENT1 /><SUBELEMENT2 /></ELEMENT1> <ELEMENT2> </ELEMENT2> <ELEMENT3 type=‘string’> </ELEMENT3> <ELEMENT4 type=‘integer’ value=‘9.3’> </ELEMENT4> </ROOT> Elements with Attributes Elements Processing Instructions

  17. XML declaration • The XML declaration looks like this:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?> • The XML declaration is not required by browsers, but is required by most XML processors (so include it!) • If present, the XML declaration must be first--not even whitespace should precede it • Note that the brackets are <?and?> • version="1.0" is required (this is the only version so far) • encoding can be "UTF-8" (ASCII) or "UTF-16" (Unicode), or something else, or it can be omitted • standalone tells whether there is a separate DTD

  18. Processing Instructions • PIs (Processing Instructions) may occur anywhere in the XML document (but usually first) • A PI is a command to the program processing the XML document to handle it in a certain way • XML documents are typically processed by more than one program • Programs that do not recognize a given PI should just ignore it • General format of a PI: <?target instructions?> • Example: <?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="mySheet.css"?>

  19. XML Elements • An XML element is everything from the element's start tag to the element's end tag • XML Elements are extensible and they have relationships • XML Elements have simple naming rules • Names can contain letters, numbers, and other characters • Names must not start with a number or punctuation character • Names must not start with the letters xml (or XML or Xml ..) • Names cannot contain spaces

  20. XML Attributes • XML elements can have attributes • Data can be stored in child elements or in attributes • Should you avoid using attributes? • Here are some of the problems using attributes: • attributes cannot contain multiple values (child elements can) • attributes are not easily expandable (for future changes) • attributes cannot describe structures (child elements can) • attributes are more difficult to manipulate by program code • attribute values are not easy to test against a Document Type Definition (DTD) - which is used to define the legal elements of an XML document

  21. An XML Document <?xml version='1.0'?> <bookstore> <book genre=‘autobiography’ publicationdate=‘1981’ ISBN=‘1-861003-11-0’> <title>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</title> <author> <first-name>Benjamin</first-name> <last-name>Franklin</last-name> </author> <price>8.99</price> </book> <book genre=‘novel’ publicationdate=‘1967’ ISBN=‘0-201-63361-2’> <title>The Confidence Man</title> <author> <first-name>Herman</first-name> <last-name>Melville</last-name> </author> <price>11.99</price> </book> </bookstore>

  22. Another XML Document <?xml version="1.0"?> <weatherReport> <date>7/14/97</date> <city>North Place</city>, <state>NX</state> <country>USA</country> High Temp: <high scale="F">103</high> Low Temp: <low scale="F">70</low> Morning: <morning>Partly cloudy, Hazy</morning> Afternoon: <afternoon>Sunny &amp; hot</afternoon> Evening: <evening>Clear and Cooler</evening> </weatherReport>

  23. XML Validation • XML with correct syntax is Well Formed XML • XML validated against a DTD is Valid XML

  24. Rules For Well-Formed XML • There must be one, and only one, root element • All XML elements must have a closing tag • Sub-elements must be properly nested • A tag must end within the tag in which it was started • Attributes are optional • Defined by an optional schema • Attribute values must be enclosed in “” or ‘’ • Processing instructions are optional • XML is case-sensitive • <tag> and <TAG> are not the same type of element • White space is preserved • CR / LF is converted to LF • Comment in XML is similar to that of HTML

  25. XML DTD • A DTD defines the legal elements of an XML document • defines the document structure with a list of legal elements • XML Schema  • XML Schema is an XML based alternative to DTD • Errors in XML documents will stop the XML program • XML Validators

  26. Browsers Support for XML • Netscape 6 supports XML • Internet Explorer 5.0 supports the XML 1.0 standard • Internet Explorer 5.0 has the following XML support: • Viewing of XML documents • Full support for W3C DTD standards • XML embedded in HTML as Data Islands • Binding XML data to HTML elements • Transforming and displaying XML with XSL • Displaying XML with CSS • Access to the XML DOM

  27. Viewing XML Files • Raw XML files can be viewed in IE 5.0 (and higher) and in Netscape 6 • but to make it display like a web page, you have to add some display information • XML documents do not carry information about how to display the data • Different solutions to the display problem, using CSS, XSL, JavaScript, and XML Data Islands • Will you be writing your future Homepages in XML?

  28. Displaying XML with CSS • With CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) you can add display information to an XML document • Formatting XML with CSS is NOT the future of the Web • Formatting with XSL will be the new standard

  29. Example: the xml file <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="cd_catalog.css"?> <CATALOG> <CD> <TITLE>Empire Burlesque</TITLE> <ARTIST>Bob Dylan</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Columbia</COMPANY> <PRICE>10.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1985</YEAR> </CD> <CD> <TITLE>Hide your heart</TITLE> <ARTIST>Bonnie Tyler</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>CBS Records</COMPANY> <PRICE>9.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1988</YEAR> </CD> . . . . </CATALOG>

  30. Example: the css file CATALOG { background-color: #ffffff; width: 100%; } CD { display: block; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 0; } TITLE { color: #FF0000; font-size: 20pt; } ARTIST { color: #0000FF; font-size: 20pt; } COUNTRY,PRICE,YEAR,COMPANY { Display: block; color: #000000; margin-left: 20pt; }

  31. Displaying XML with XSL • With XSL you can add display information to your XML document • XSL is the preferred style sheet language of XML • XSL (the eXtensible Stylesheet Language) is far more sophisticated than CS • One way to use XSL is to transform XML into HTML before it is displayed by the browser

  32. Example: the xml file <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="simple.xsl" ?> <breakfast_menu> <food> <name>Belgian Waffles</name> <price>$5.95</price> <description>two of our famous Belgian Waffles with plenty of real maple syrup</description> <calories>650</calories> </food> <food> <name>Strawberry Belgian Waffles</name> <price>$7.95</price> <description>light Belgian waffles covered with strawberries and whipped cream</description> <calories>900</calories> </food> … </breakfast_menu> </breakfast_menu>

  33. Example: the xsl file <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <html xsl:version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/strict"> <body style="font-family:Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt; background-color:#EEEEEE"> <xsl:for-each select="breakfast_menu/food"> <div style="background-color:teal;color:white;padding:4px"> <span style="font-weight:bold;color:white"> <xsl:value-of select="name"/></span> - <xsl:value-of select="price"/> </div> <div style="margin-left:20px;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:10pt"> <xsl:value-of select="description"/> <span style="font-style:italic"> (<xsl:value-of select="calories"/> calories per serving) </span> </div> </xsl:for-each> </body> </html>

  34. View the result in IE 6

  35. XML Data Islands • XML can be embedded within HTML pages in Data Islands • Manipulated via client side script or data binding • The unofficial <xml> tag is used to embed XML data within HTML • Data Islands can be bound to HTML elements (like HTML tables) <html> <body> <xml id="cdcat" src="cd_catalog.xml"></xml> <table border="1" datasrc="#cdcat"> <tr> <td> <span datafld="ARTIST"> </span> </td> <td> <span datafld="TITLE"> </span> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>

  36. The Microsoft XML Parser • To read and update an XML document, you need an XML parser • The Microsoft XML parser comes with Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 • Once you have installed IE 5.0, the parser is available to scripts, both inside HTML documents. • The parser features a language-neutral programming model that supports: • JavaScript, VBScript, Perl, VB, Java, C++ and more • W3C XML 1.0 and XML DOM • DTD and validation • You can create an XML document object with the following code: • var xmlDoc=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")

  37. Loading an XML file into the parser • XML files can be loaded into the parser using script code. • The following code loads an XML document (note.xml) into the XML parser: • <script type="text/javascript"> var xmlDoc = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM") xmlDoc.async="false" xmlDoc.load("note.xml") // ....... processing the document goes here </script> • The second line in the code above creates an instance of the Microsoft XML parser • The third line turns off asynchronized loading, to make sure that the parser will not continue execution before the document is fully loaded • The fourth line tells the parser to load the XML document called note.xml

  38. Namespaces: Overview • Part of XML’s extensibility • Allow authors to differentiate between tags of the same name (using a prefix) • Frees author to focus on the data and decide how to best describe it • Allows multiple XML documents from multiple authors to be merged • Identified by a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) • When a URL is used, it does NOT have to represent a live server

  39. Namespaces: Declaration Namespace declaration examples: xmlns: bk = “http://www.example.com/bookinfo/” xmlns: bk = “urn:mybookstuff.org:bookinfo” xmlns: bk = “http://www.example.com/bookinfo/” Namespace declaration Prefix URI (URL)

  40. Namespaces: Examples <BOOK xmlns:bk=“http://www.bookstuff.org/bookinfo”> <bk:TITLE>All About XML</bk:TITLE> <bk:AUTHOR>Joe Developer</bk:AUTHOR> <bk:PRICE currency=‘US Dollar’>19.99</bk:PRICE> <bk:BOOK xmlns:bk=“http://www.bookstuff.org/bookinfo” xmlns:money=“urn:finance:money”> <bk:TITLE>All About XML</bk:TITLE> <bk:AUTHOR>Joe Developer</bk:AUTHOR> <bk:PRICE money:currency=‘US Dollar’> 19.99</bk:PRICE>

  41. Namespaces: Default Namespace • An XML namespace declared without a prefix becomes the default namespace for all sub-elements • All elements without a prefix will belong to the default namespace: <BOOK xmlns=“http://www.bookstuff.org/bookinfo”> <TITLE>All About XML</TITLE> <AUTHOR>Joe Developer</AUTHOR>

  42. Namespaces: Scope • Unqualified elements belong to the inner-most default namespace. • BOOK, TITLE, and AUTHOR belong to the default book namespace • PUBLISHER and NAME belong to the default publisher namespace <BOOK xmlns=“www.bookstuff.org/bookinfo”> <TITLE>All About XML</TITLE> <AUTHOR>Joe Developer</AUTHOR> <PUBLISHER xmlns=“urn:publishers:publinfo”> <NAME>Microsoft Press</NAME> </PUBLISHER> </BOOK>

  43. Namespaces: Attributes • Unqualified attributes do NOT belong to any namespace • Even if there is a default namespace • This differs from elements, which belong to the default namespace

  44. Entities • Entities provide a mechanism for textual substitution, e.g. • You can define your own entities • Parsed entities can contain text and markup • Unparsed entities can contain any data • JPEG photos, GIF files, movies, etc.

  45. CDATA • By default, all text inside an XML document is parsed • You can force text to be treated as unparsed character data by enclosing it in <![CDATA[ ... ]]> • Any characters, even & and <, can occur inside a CDATA • Whitespace inside a CDATA is (usually) preserved • The only real restriction is that the character sequence ]]> cannot occur inside a CDATA • CDATA is useful when your text has a lot of illegal characters (for example, if your XML document contains some HTML text)

  46. A: B: "foo" C: "bar" C: "lab" Pure XML -- Instance Model • XML 1.0 Standard: • no explicit data model • only syntax of well-formed and valid (wrt. a DTD) documents • implicit data model: • nested containers ("boxes within boxes") • labeled ordered trees (=a semistructured data model) • relational, object-oriented, other data: easy to encode A <A> <B>foo</B> <C>bar</C> <C>lab</C> </A> B C C "foo" "bar" "lab" children are ordered

  47. A B C a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 R tuple tuple tuple A A A B B B C C C a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 Example: Relational Data to XML R R tuple A a1 /A B b1 /B C c1 /C /tuple tuple A a2 /A B b2 /B C c2 /C /tuple … /R

  48. Adding Structure and Semantics • XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs): • define the structure of "allowed" documents (i.e., valid wrt. a DTD) •  database schema • => improve query formulation, execution, ... • XML Schema • defines structure and data types • allows developers to build their own libraries of interchanged data types • XML Namespaces • identify your vocabulary

  49. XML Related Technologies I • XHTML - Extensible HTML • CSS - Cascading Style Sheets • XSL - Extensible Style Sheet Language • XSL consists of three parts: XML Document Transformation (renamed XSLT, see below), a pattern matching syntax (renamed XPath, see below), and a formatting object interpretation.  • XSLT - XML Transformation • XSLT is far more powerful than CSS. It can be used to transform XML files into many different output formats. • XPath - XML Pattern Matching • XPath is a language for addressing parts of an XML document. XPath was designed to be used by both XSLT and XPointer.

  50. XML Related Technologies II • XLink - XML Linking Language • The XML Linking Language (XLink), allows elements to be inserted into XML documents in order to create links between XML resources. • XPointer - XML Pointer Language • The XML Pointer Language (XPointer), supports addressing into the internal structures of XML documents, such as elements, attributes, and content. • DTD - Document Type Definition • A DTD can be used to define the legal building blocks of an XML document. • Namespaces • XML namespaces defines a method for defining element and attribute names used in XML by associating them with URI references.

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