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Chapter 26

Chapter 26. Between the Wars. Search for Security- France. United States didn’t ratify the Versailles treaty Not a member of the League of Nations Without the US, Britain backed off their promise to protect France, Russia became hostile

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Chapter 26

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  1. Chapter 26 Between the Wars

  2. Search for Security- France • United States didn’t ratify the Versailles treaty • Not a member of the League of Nations • Without the US, Britain backed off their promise to protect France, Russia became hostile • Little Entente: alliance with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia • Weaknesses of Eastern countries no real replacement for Russia • France strictly enforced Versailles Reparations • When Germany could no longer make annual payments of 2.5 billion gold marks, France occupied the Ruhr Valley

  3. Inflation • Germany began printing more paper money • 1914: $1 = 4.2 M • 1923: $1 = 4.2 TRILLION M • Dawes Plan: reduced reparations and stabilized Germany’s payments on basis of affordability • Initial $200 million loan for recovery • Began era of European prosperity

  4. Permanent Peace? • Treaty of Locarno: (Germany, Italy, France, England, Belgium) guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium • Allies left Rhineland • Countries would defend each other if one attacked • Germany did not accept new Poland border in east • “Peace at Last” • Kellogg-Briand Pact: renounced war as an instrument of national policy • Attempts at disarmament largely ignored

  5. Roaring Twenties • Berlin became the entertainment center of Europe • Nightclubs, Charleston • Radio & Cinema • Jazz • Josephine Baker • Propaganda • Entertainment • Mass Leisure • Sports, Olympics, Tourism • Dopolavoro, Kraft durchFreude: coordinated free time

  6. Great Depression • Causes • Downturn in domestic economies • Collapse of American stock market • Funds pulled from European banks and investments • Effects • Unemployment • Great Britain 25% • Germany 40% • Led to violence in streets • Increased Government interventions increase in Marxism • Increase in authoritarian solutions like Fascism

  7. Great Depression • Great Britain worked through coalition governments, raised tariffs • John Keynes: General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money argued demand could be raised by public works financed through deficit spending • Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq • India: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948): “Great Soul” or Mahatma taught nonviolent resistance • 1935: internal self-government

  8. Moving away from Democracy • Postwar societies were divided along class lines – weakened social cohesion • War bonds sank in value, hurting middle-class • Women forced out of wartime jobs as men returned • Many women needed jobs as they were newly widowed or lost marital prospects • People felt victimized by war and depression • Moderate beliefs had fewer followers as Europeans looked for answers

  9. Modern Totalitarian States • Demands active loyalty and commitment • Propaganda to conquer minds and hearts • Total state aimed to control economic, political, social, intellectual, cultural aspects of society • Led by a single leader, single party • Rejects limited government and individual freedoms • Mussolini’s Italy – Fascist • Nazi Germany – Fascist • Soviet Union - Communist

  10. Fascist Italy • 1919: Socialists, Liberals, and Popolari were unable to form a cohesive coalition • Socialists spoke of revolution, alarming conservatives • Benito Mussolini combined anticommunist, antistrike sentiment with nationalist rhetoric and brute force to gain favor • Squadristi: armed Fascists formed and attacked Socialists and unions • Fascists were able to paint themselves as party of order • October 24, 1922: March to Rome with Blackshirts • King Victor Emmanuel IIImade Mussolini prime minister

  11. Il Duce • Acerbo Law: any party winning 25%+ would be allotted 2/3s of seats • Fascists won 65% and majority of seats in parliament • Freedom of press, from arrest, due process, of assembly all limited • Militarization • Youth Fascists groups enlisted 66% of adolescents • “Woman into the Home” • Large families encouraged with incentives and holidays • Lateran Accords (1929)- Sovereignty of Vatican City, Catholicism sole religion, Church supported Fascist regime

  12. Nazi Germany • Weimar Republic – established after WWI • Paul von Hindenburg, President- monarchist, not in favor of republic • Hyperinflation & Depression • Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) • Austrian, failed artist • Decorated WWI Veteran • Anti-Semitic • German nationalist • Need for struggle

  13. Nazi Germany • Rise of Hitler • By 1921, controlled party and renamed National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazis • Created flags, badges, uniforms, newspapers, rituals • SA: (Strumabteilung – Storm Troopers) police force, defended party, break up other parties’ meetings • Beer Hall Putsch- emulated Mussolini, marched on Berlin, failed and arrested • Mein Kampf– stresses Lebensraum and Anti-Semitism • Hitler realizes an overthrow must come from the inside

  14. Nazi Germany • Rise of Hitler • Führerprinzip- leadership principle, single-minded party under one leader • A good Nazi is one who will die for his Führer • Gained thousands of followers who craved ACTION • Used unemployment, social unrest to gain votes • Hindenburg and other leaders underestimated Hitler and believed they control him • January 30,1933, named Hitler Chancellor • Hermann Göring (1893-1946) made minister of interior and created police force of SA

  15. Nazi Germany • February 27: Reichstag Fire • Hitler accused Communists • Hindenburg issues emergency power to Hitler • Suspends all basic rights of citizens • Enabling Act: made Hitler dictator • Gleichschaltung: all institutions under Nazi control • Purged Jews from government • Concentration camps established • Autonomy of states eliminated • Trade unions destroyed • All parties abolished • Dissent, like from Ernst Röhm, put down

  16. Nazi Germany- The Total State • Total Involvement • Nuremberg Party Rallies – combined symbolism and amusement to create a totalitarian state • Evoked mass enthusiasm • Economy • Didn’t nationalize industry- doesn’t matter who controls industry as long as they recognize their master • Public works projects, grants given to private industry • Rearmamentended depression • Laborers had to have a workbook– controlled masses

  17. Nazi Germany- The Total State • SS- Schutzstaffeln “protection squads” • led by Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) • Controlled all regular and secret police under 2 principles • Terror – secret police, criminal police, concentration camps, execution squads, death camps • Ideology- further the Aryan master race • Hitler Youth- children made oaths to Hitler • Women given jobs meant to foster motherhood

  18. Nazi Germany- Creating an Aryan Nation • Two-Day boycott of Jewish businesses • Laws excluded “non-Aryans” from legal, civil service, medical, teaching, entertainment, press positions • Nuremburg Laws • Took away citizenship • Forbade marriages between Jews and Germans • Separate Jews politically, socially, legally • Star of David • Kristallnacht-Night of the Broken Glass (Nov 9, 1938)

  19. Soviet Union • Troubles • Civil War (1917-1921) 300,000 dead • Red Terror: (1918) 250,000 executions • Famine (1920-1922) 5 million dead • 1921: Industry was 20% of 1913 levels • New Economic Policy • Modified capitalism • Private Ownership reintroduced • Industry and banking remain to Government • 1922: “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” • Agriculture boomed, industry did not

  20. Soviet Union • January 21, 1924: Lenin died • Politburo(seven members) divided • Left: Leon Trotsky, wanted to end NEP, carry on revolution and spread Communism • Right: continue NEP, rejected world revolution, construct a socialist state • Josef Stalin (1879-1953) party general secretary • 1922: appointed 10,000 to key positions • Supported Right • Gained control in 1927, expelled Trotsky

  21. Soviet Union under Uncle Joe • Five Year Plans • Transition from agricultural country to industrial state • Maximum production of capital goods and armaments • Quadrupled production, • Doubled oil production, • Steel 48 million tons, • Coal 36128 million tons

  22. Soviet Union under Uncle Joe • Downside of 5 Year Plans • Investment in housing, Wages declined • Laws limited freedom of movement • Propaganda stressed sacrifice • Collectivization of agriculture • Surplus through elimination of private farms • Starved peasants to comply • 10,000,000 peasants died • Purged Old Bosheviks • 8 million arrested, millions died in Siberian labor camps

  23. Spanish Civil War • King Alfonso supported a coup under General Miguel Primo de Rivero, but the Great Depression saw this regime fall apart, and Alfonso fled Spain • Republic led by the Popular Front (Leftist groups) was unpopular to army officers • General Francisco Franco (1892-1975) led a revolt • Franco supported by Hitler and Mussolini • Popular Front supported by USSR • Abraham Lincoln Brigade from US fought • 400,000 killed, 200,000 executed after war

  24. Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany Hanna Höch 1919 Impact of WWI on art • WWI, Depression, rise of Fascism added to uncertainty • Expressionism- expresses anguish of times • Edvard Munch (1863-1944) • Dada-emphasizes purposelessness of life • Rebellion from artistic movements • Hanna Höch(1889-1978) • Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) • Surrealism-sought reality beyond material world and into the unconscious • Portrays fantasy, dream, nightmare • Salvador Dalí(1904-1989) • Creates a disturbing world where irrational is tangible Fountain Marcel Duchamp, 1917 AP EURO Mustache of the Year Nominee The Persistence of Memory Dali, 1931 The Scream 1893

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