Emily Leonard 3 rd Quarter Project

1. Emily Leonard3rd Quarter Project Pirates SPF

2. Chapter1 Go Pirates Go!

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4. Politics Spanish Empire England ENGLAND Monarchy Contracted Sir Walter Raleigh Chartered to create colony Business investors Make money in the new world Spanish Empire • Queen Isabella • Spanish Empire ruled ALL • Local governments • Settlements in the North Americas. • Lived off the land • Communities grew Incas Powerful empire Of 6 million people Complex political system Paved roads, connecting villages Mayans Sophisticated culture Written language and accurate calendar Aztecs created large rule across Mexico and sacrificed many

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6. Society very diverse. Advances in agriculture allowed for growth of settlements and population. Religion was very important and wanted freedom to practice. Everyone had a job to do , generally split by gender. Europe was looking for a new colony. Most were looking for wealth. Spain found gold and silver to the south. ..

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8. Mayans, Incas and Aztecs Human Sacrifices to the GodsNative Americans 1)Many Gods, they associated with crops, game, forests, rivers and other elements of nature. 2) Totem poles and elaborate festivals celebrating hunts and harvests. • Europe • Freedom to practice religion • Spain wanted to spread Catholicism, especially to Natives • Created missions • Columbus felt he was part of divine plan making him the messenger of new heaven and new earth. Puritans Puritans were Separatists. They wanted to worship in their own way. Women were Allowed to be preachers They wanted the Church to tend to more spiritual aspects of the Church and less on worldly ambitions

9. Reformation begin in 1517 Martin Luther began challenging The Roman Catholic Church The Bible was the word of God, not the Church. Salvation was not found through “good works” or practice of Religion, but by faith alone. He was excommunicated in 1520, by the pope. The English Reformation occurred over a disagreement between the Pope and King Henry VIII, when the Pope refused to grant him a divorce. The Kings wife failed to birth him a son. John Calvin began to teach predestination. God elected some people to go to heaven and others to hell. This was determined before birth.

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11. Painted a picture of Queen Elizabeth the First , portraying her as a strong Queen. Marcus Gheeraerts Mexican artists recording their warriors getting the rare upper hand on Spanish invaders European artist would depict art work representing different monumental tasks, like when Pizarro arrived on the coast of Peru, where he was welcomed by angry Indians and Henrando de Soto massacring a group of Indians in modern day Alabama.

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13. The travelers and the Natives began to trade crop techniques. The Indians taught the travelers new ways to grow corn. Also, taught them about squash, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, pepper and potatoes. The travelers took this information back to Europe. Ships became very important during this time to travel the sea. fleets grew In South America and Mexico, the travelers and Natives lived in harmony. Sharing languages, ideas and creating new dialects. Without many women they began interracial marriages. Mixed races were called Mestizos. adaptations

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15. Spain chartered Columbus on 4 voyages • Searching for wealth in the New World, Mexico, Florida, Southwest and Southern U.S. • Mostly fueled by private enterprise looking to become wealthy, not by government • Looking for gold and silver, not agriculture • Found in Mexico. Rise in population led to more commerce opportunities to make more money • Economy begins to Grow • Spanish and Portuguese Colonists depended on Natives as slaves or laborers to work on plantations, commercial and mining. • They began to die, due to disease. • The need to import slaves from Africa became apparent. • England was full of costly wars • It’s people were looking for Sir Thomas Moore’s Utopia, a perfect society. • Farm land was being changed to sheep farms. • Forcing tenant farmers to wander the land aimlessly. • Mercantilism rose, overseas ventures selling and buying. • It was believed that wealth was finite, a nation could only grow rich at the expense of another.

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17. French had close relationships with the Natives. • Dutch had largest fleets in the world. Created the West Indies Company resulting in settling in the New World. • Spanish Explorers began inter-racial marriages and created • a new society, with mixed cultures. • Spanish on Top • Mixed race in between • And Indians on the bottom • Native women, married Spanish Explorers • Due to Male Indians population • diminished from war • To form alliances • ALL • Very diverse. • Advances in agriculture allowed growth. • Religion very important. • Jobs and tasks were separate by gender. England viewed Irish as savages, wanted to segregate. Created a plantation system creating a rigid and separate society. Slavery became “necessary” To perform labor on plantations, commercial and mining. The Indian population depleted due to war and disease. They brought Africans to the New World. Mali was the largest empire in 1100 A.D. Africans sold prisoners, first to other tribes and then to the Mediterranean. First Portuguese in the 15th Century, then Dutch in the 17th and the English in the 18th century.

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19. Asians begin to migrate to North America and complex societies begin • Between 14,000-12,000 B.C. • After the Bubonic Plaque in Europe which began in 1347 • Killing nearly 1/3 of the population. • The Reawakening of Commerce began and Monarchs became very strong. • Creating new centralized nation-states. With • National courts, armies and new tax systems • Kings and Queens consolidated their power, increasing their wealth • As Europe settled the New Americas, the Monarchs remained in control

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21. James I Established the first British colony in the New World Queen Elizabeth I Strong confident Ruler of England. Richard Hakluyt, an Oxford clergy man who argued for the colonies. John Cabot First to arrive in 1497, but did not colonize. Ferdinand Magellan In his sails discovered a passage to get from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific which now bears his name, south of South America Christopher Columbus, financed by Spain and took 4 voyages, looking for a route to Asia. Landed in Cuba in 1492. Encourage Spain to explore more Henry Hudson Sailed into New York State in 1609 Sir Walter Raleigh Founded Roanoke Colony where 91 people vanished. Later referred to as the Lost Colony. Raleigh was accused of plotting to kill the King and eventually Executed. Martin Luther Tried to Reform the Catholic Church, ended up excommunicated and caused a schism. John Calvin Introduced the idea of pre-destination

22. Chapter2 Go Pirates Go!

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24. Christopher Columbus founded Jamestown in 1607 and later named himself council president King James I Chartered a voyage to The London Company later named The Virginia Company Lord De La Warr First Governor and late replaced by General Dale July 30, 1619 Colonists were given full rights of the Englishmen Delegates of various communities met as The House of Burgess This was the first meeting of an elected legislature for what would become the United States The second Lord Baltimore received a charter to the New Country, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia and Maryland. The King gave him full power, he ruled from England and he named his brother Leonard Calvert Governor William Bradford, Governor of the Puritan Community of Plymouth Rock. Signed a document Mayflower Pact allowing them to set up a civil government and giving allegiance to the King Sir William Berkeley Governor of Virginia. At first any male could vote, then just landowners. The same burgesses, loyal to the Governor remained in office year in and year out. John Winthrop elected governor of Massachuesetts Bay Experiment, a new colony

25. Theocratic Society Ministers had no political parts but they had much influence on the congregation. Government made it mandatory to go to church and taxed the constituents. Taxes supported church, there was no clear line between church and state. Charles the I dissolved Parliament and ruled with total Monarchy. When he ran out of money he tried to recall Parliament and raise taxes Parliament waged war against him. Cavaliers (pro King) vs Roundheads (pro Parliament) Parliament won, Roundheads took over and beheaded the King. Eventually Charles the II came out of exile and took over. Roger Williams Wanted complete split from the Church of England and complete separation of Church and state. Eventually received a charter and started Rhode Island. Religious freedom and no support of church. William Penn, the Quakers or Society of Friends Charter of Liberties Representative assembly Limited authority for proprietors New Netherland, New York, New Jersey Gifted to James, the Duke of York by brother King Charles II He ruled from England and elected a Governor Local Government, religious freedom Quakers did not really have Government, just representatives from congregations

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27. Many settlers came across the rough ocean • Incentives, like plots of land were given to encourage to come • Many died here of starvation and disease • Nearly all men came, so there was little organization and no one to run households. • Eventually women and children came • What they Found.. • Indians • Settlers tried to convert them to Christians • Sometimes the settlers got along with them other times war. • They taught settlers farming techniques • Hard work • Many Europeans were looking for.. • Religious freedoms • Often the religious atmosphere was even harsher • To make money • To farm • New way of live

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29. “Act concerning Religion” Maryland Leonard Calvert Religious freedoms to all settlers Appointed Protestant Governor Fighting continued between Jesuits (Catholic Priests) and Puritans, eventually Catholics were barred from voting. King James I Claimed Kings have divine power. Massachusetts Bay Experiment Charles the I takes over for James 1 He tried to re-unite Catholic Church Destroys religious non-conformity He especially did not like Puritans They receive a charter to the New World And Charles did not know they were Puritans. The Congregational Church John Cotton, “ complete ability to stand alone, with complete liberty” Each congregation chose its on minister Strove to live useful, conscientious lives of thrift and hard work. They honored material success as evidence of God’s favor. Believed there were setting a model community for the world England was suppressing Puritan Separatists. Given a charter to the new world, first one given to a Protestant group. Landed on Plymouth Rock, not the land that was given to them. Settled in Plymouth Rock and created the Mayflower Pact, the right to settle there, but give allegiance to the King Puritans means purify.

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31. English artists would draw paintings representing occurrences such as Pequot Village Destroyed. Invaders massacred more than 600 residents. An unknown painter stroked a picture of Anne Pollard, an original settler of the Winthrop Expedition. She was 100 years old when her portrait was painted. She had 103 descendants when she died. Massachusetts Bay Company created a seal to place on paper money to make it official The Court had painters to paint pictures of the Royal Family

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33. John Rolfe experimented with growing tobacco, with the teachings of Indians. This changed the economy for Jamestown. England citizens bought it. Married Pocahontas. Indians used flintlock muskets on the settlers that were initially sold to them by the settlers. These were fired by lighting a match and free standing. The Indians also learned masonry which they used to build forts out of rocks, as not to have their forts burned down. Exchange of agriculture technology. Indians knew how to farm, beans, pumpkins, and most importantly corn. Europe had no idea about corn, the stalks could be used for sugar. To rotate crops with beans to put nutrients back into the soil. They taught the settlers to make incisions in trees and then burn them for quicker land clearing, also burning fields fertilized land. Rather than planting straight rows they would curve them around the trees.

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35. Created incentives, private ownership of land and landowners would repay with part time work and grain to the storehouses. This caused expansion of Jamestown Slaves were brought in from Africa, brought as indentured slaves The London Company or the Virginia Company sold “stock” to people in England, to raise money and these people would share in the profits once the colonies took off. John Rolfe’s tobacco was huge to the economy Indentured Slaves; They also offered free passage, for 7 years of free work. Maryland and the Calverts Copied the Headwright system 100 acres for male 100 acres for wife 50 acres for each child Theocratic Society Taxes support church Headwright System; Gave 50 acres of land grants. The more people that you brought to the New Land, the more land you got. I.E. If you paid a persons way to the New Land you would get 50 more acres. If you already lived in the New Land, 50 acres of land and in return you would give 1 shilling to England a year. Virginia Company also shipped 100 single women and a man could buy one for 100 pounds of Tobacco. Puritans were poor, but God would provide

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37. Congregations were the hub of social lives. They spent lots of time traveling the sea. Farming brought people together.

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39. King James II was making many enemies. He was a Catholic and promoted his faith. His 2 Protestant daughters were next in line for the throne. So he had a son and named him next in line. Mary and her husband William were invited to meet with parliament. They declared them rulers of the Netherlands and Protestant Champion of Europe. They suggest the 2 of them be King and Queen. They marched into England with a small army and James the II recalling the beheading of his brother, ran away. Glorious Revelation

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41. Lord De La Warr, first governor Jamestown organized settlers into gangs and was very harsh. King James, ruler of England and sponsored many charters to new land. Captain John Smith named himself council president, organized Jamestown and helped them steal food from Indians to survive. Anne Hutchinson Reminded the Puritans of the role of women. Antagonized leaders, stating they were not “elect”, they did not go under conversion. Claimed she spoke with the Holy Sprit, which caused her to get kicked out of the community. Lord Baltimore converted to Catholicism was a shrewd businessman, wanted freedom from England and the problems of being Catholic. His son Lord Baltimore II was given charter to New Land and he named his brother Leonard Calvert governor. Sir William Berkeley Appointed by King Charles I to be governor of Virginia. Created Berkeley's Autocratic Rule. At first any male could vote, then just landowners and elections were rare. Many burgesses, loyal subservient to the governor remained in office year in and year out. John Winthrop, elected Massachusetts Bay Experiment governor. Organized a voyage with 17 ships, 1000 people. Only responsible to themselves and owed nothing to England

42. Thomas Hooker Minister and defied government by moving away and began new colony. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. The Fundamental Orders of New Haven …eventually he grew tired of the laxity in religious, he built even a stricter religious society Roger Williams Rhode Island, controversial young minister, called a heretic. Wanted complete split from the Church of England and wanted complete separation of church and state. Eventually scared most and was banished. He bought his own land and called it Rhode Island William Penn Founder of Pennsylvania. Large chunk of land given to him by Charles I. Created Charter of Liberties Representative assembly Limited the authority of proprietor. Eventually Delaware broke off to Pennsylvania Charles I Ruler of England Ruled with total monarchy. James Oglethorpe’s Vision Founded Georgia, under King George II Military man and military colony. No Africans, rum, trade only with Indians and No Catholics. Settlers called him a dictator and he quit.

43. Nathaniel Bacon creator of Bacon ‘s Rebellion. Moved to the colony and bought land. Many were impatient with the relationship Berkeley had with Indians, fur trade. Bacon wanted a cut of the trade and in on the inner circle of governor’s council. Bacon fought with Indians and they attacked back. He led an all out attack on Doeg and Susquehannock Indians. Everyone was tired of the lack of Berkeley’s response. Bacon and his army marched into Jamestown for a pardon. Berkeley gave it to him, only to renege. So Bacon marched again, sending Berkeley into exile. Bacon was set to take over, but died suddenly. Troops from England arrived to straighten out the rebellion and Berkeley resumed his governorship. This gave power to landless men, straightened out some of the fighting with Indians, they signed a treaty.

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45. Mercantilism The British realize they should only trade with their own colonies, if they traded with Spanish colonies it would hurt their colonial trade Navigation Acts Closed all trade except the ones that carried in English ships. Colonies could only trade tobacco and other items to England. Provide goods being shipped from Europe to colonies to pass through England, so they could tax them. The third act addresses the facts the first two acts were being evaded. Helped the colonies by forcing them to build shipyards, ports and created a ship building industry and increased exports.

46. Chapter3 Go Pirates Go!

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48. Traditional Authority Challenged. Enlightenment encourage men and women to look to themselves, not to God for guidance as how to live their lives and shape society • Puritan Community • Patterns of settlement. • Yearly town meetings. • Puritan Democracy • As populations grew, towns would spread • Needed to build new churches thus creating new towns • As families aged, sons were needed to stay and help with family farms, sons needed Father’s land for wealth Enlightenment Reason not just faith could create progress Many of the governors appointed by the crown had diminishing powers. Often they were not familiar with the colonies. Lack of English lawyers in the New Land was the cause for changes in laws. Late in the 18th century England tried to insert lawyers, but it was too late America had ancient rights from the English system like trials by jury. The court system was much simpler. While Parliament thought they had complete control over the Colonies, slowly the Colonies gained strict control over their delegates to the assembly and these assemblies began to exercise duties of the Parliament Due to being so far away from Royal government the colonies became self governed.

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50. Consumerism Division of Americas by class, grew greater Early stages of the Industrial Revolution. Growing prosperity and commercialism of British America created new appetites and new opportunities to satisfy. Advertising became popular! The “Lady” and “Gentleman” behavior became acquired into society. Luxuries were now necessities, judged on possessions Elegant public spaces: Gardens, parks boulevards. “Wider” society within cities.