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Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell: Cell Membrane and Organelles

Learn about the structure and functions of the cell membrane, membrane lipids, membrane proteins, the fluid mosaic model, and various organelles in a eukaryotic cell.

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Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell: Cell Membrane and Organelles

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  1. Chapter 4section 4.2 Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell

  2. Cell Membrane • Cells cannot survive if isolated from their environment Both nutrients and wastes must pass through the cell membrane

  3. Cell membrane is selectively permeable • The structure of the cell membrane depends on the functions the cell performs

  4. Membrane Lipids • All cell membranes are made primarily of lipids and proteins • Phospholipids- have a polar hydrophilic head and two nonpolar hydrophobic tails

  5. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer • Phospholipids are arranged so that their heads point outward and the tails are at the interior

  6. Membrane Proteins • Peripheral proteins- located on the interior and exterior surface of the cell membrane • Integral proteins- embedded in the cell membrane

  7. Some proteins form channels or pores for substances to pass through • Others bind to a substance on one side of the membrane and carry it to the other side

  8. Fluid Mosaic Model • The lipid bilayer behaves more like a fluid than a solid • Lipids and proteins can move laterally within the bilayer

  9. Organelles • Cytoplasm- the area between the cell membrane and the nucleus (contains organelles) • Cytosol- aqueous fluid inside a cell

  10. Mitochondria • The “powerhouse” of the cell • Sites of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP • Has two membranes: smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane (cristae)

  11. Mitochondria have their own DNA • This supports the Endosymbiont theory (mitochondria may have been prokaryotic cells that developed a symbiotic relationship inside eukaryotic cells)

  12. Ribosomes • Most numerous organelles • Not surrounded by a membrane • Composed of RNA and proteins • Important in the synthesis of proteins

  13. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • A system of membranous tubules and sacs • Functions as a pathway for molecules to move from one part of a cell to another

  14. Rough endoplasmic reticulum- covered with ribosomes (found in cells that make large amounts of proteins) • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- no ribosomes (involved in synthesis of steroids in gland cells, regulation of calcium in muscle cells, and breakdown of toxic substances in the liver)

  15. Golgi Apparatus • The processing, packaging, and secreting organelle • System of membranes • Modifies proteins for export by the cell

  16. Lysosomes • Small, spherical organelles that enclose hydrolytic enzymes within single membranes • Enzymes digest proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, RNA, viruses, bacteria, and old organelles • Common in animal cells

  17. Cytoskeleton • Network of protein strands in the cytosol that provide support and allows movement of organelles within the cell • Made up of microfilaments and microtubules

  18. Microfilaments are made of actin (function for cell movement and muscle contraction) • Microtubules function as spindle fibers when the cell is about to divide

  19. Cilia and Flagella • Hairlike organelles that extend from the surface of the cell • Used for movement • Cilia are short and present in large numbers • Flagella are whiplike and few in number

  20. Cilia and flagella both have nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair

  21. Nucleus • Most prominent organelle • Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) perforated with pores • Chromatin is found inside the envelope • Stores hereditary information

  22. Nucleolus • Spherical area inside the nucleus • Site where ribosomes are synthesized

  23. Plant Cells • Have three structures not found in animal cells: cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids

  24. Cell Wall • Rigid outer area that provides support • Contain long chains of cellulose

  25. Vacuoles • Fluid-filled organelles that store enzymes and metabolic wastes • Very large

  26. Plastids • Surrounded by two membranes • May store starch or fats or may contain pigments which absorb visible light • Chloroplast- absorb sunlight and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis

  27. Chloroplasts contain a series of flattened sacs called thylakoids • Contain a green pigment

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